Conference Session

Visualization Within Engineering Design Graphics Education Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Delson, University of California, San Diego; Lelli Van Den Einde, University of California, San Diego

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

multiple-choice and 13 sketching) 4 - Orthographic Projection (20 multiple-choice and 11 sketching) 5 – Inclined and Curved Surfaces (26 multiple-choice and 15 sketching) 6 - Flat Patterns (36 multiple-choice and 0 sketching) 7 - Rotation of Objects about 1 Axis (28 multiple-choice and 18 sketching) 8 - Rotation of Objects about 2 Axes (25 multiple-choice and 7 sketching) 9 - Object Reflections and Symmetry (24 multiple-choice and 17 sketching) 10 - Cutting Plane (26 multiple-choice and 0 sketching)During Lessons 3 and 4, a few mistakes were identified in the programmed sketching solutions,which led to incorrect grading of sketches. This led to a bit of student frustration, but by Lesson5 these mistakes

Conference Session

Promoting Engineering and Technological Literacy

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William R. Loendorf, Eastern Washington University; Terence Geyer, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

the distance education sections. This is mostlydue to the higher average exam grades across the board for the distance education students. Theoverall averages are 3.5 for the traditional classroom version and 3.8 for the distance educationblended format. The three tenths of a point differential for the distance education blended formatcan be explained by describing their typical students. They are on average older, taking only oneor two courses at a time, and working fulltime. A similar variance has also been noted in otherblended learning courses.Conclusions, Reflections, and the FutureUtilizing the blended learning model, course material can be successfully delivered remotely tostudents. The learning experience for the students can be

Conference Session

Survey and Assessment Development

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Menold Menold, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Kathryn W. Jablokow, Pennsylvania State University, Great Valley; Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Daniel Michael Ferguson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. According to Downing and Haladyna6, validity is the mostimportant consideration in test evaluation and refers to the appropriateness, meaningfulness, andusefulness of the specific inferences made from test scores. Haynes et al.7 go on to warn us thatdata from an invalid instrument can “over-represent, omit, or under-represent some facets of theconstruct and reflect variables outside the construct domain”.The use of unreliable and/or invalid instruments in engineering education could lead to theinaccurate measurement of student outcomes and perceptions, incorrect program and classassessments, as well as a general misrepresentation of the current state of engineering education.In this paper, we propose a structured methodology for the initial steps

Conference Session

Introductory Experiences in Chemical Engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph J. Biernacki, Tennessee Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

3. Since there are three “choices,” oneonly has three degrees of freedom before the vehicle is totally specified. Another way to helpstudents to see that 3 is the correct answer is to once again reflect on the reaction balancing Page 26.1661.6problem. There are four variables in the example problem (Example 1), but once one of thevariables has been specified, the entire problem is specified completely. Therefore, there is only   one “chooice” to be made. m This iss true despitee the fact thaat the one chhoice can be made an inffinitenumber ofo ways. Equating a deg

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

Learning,” Palo Alto, CA: Davies-black Publishing11. Dale, E. (1969), “Audiovisual Methods in Teaching,” (3rd ed.), New York: Dryden Press.12. Wankat, P.H. (1999), “Reflective Analysis of Student Learning in a Sophomore Engineering Course,” Journal ofEngineering Education, Vol.88, (no.2), 195 -203.13. Finelli, C., Klinger, A., & Budny, D.D. (2001), “Strategies for Improving the Classroom Environment,” Journalof Engineering Education, Vol 90, (no.4), pp. 491-497.14. Smith, K.A., Sheppard, A.D., Johnson, D.W. & Johnson, R.T. (2005), “Pedagogies of Engagement: Classroom-Based Practices,” Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 94 (no.1), pp. 87-101

Conference Session

Design as a Social Process: Teams and Organizations

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

R. Keith Stanfill, University of Florida; Shari Ann Robinson, University of Florida Counseling and Wellness center

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Conference Session

Innovative Use of Technology I

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zhou Zhang, Stevens Institute of Technology; Mingshao Zhang, Stevens Institute of Technology; Yizhe Chang, Stevens Institute of Technology, School of Engineering and Science; Sven K. Esche, Stevens Institute of Technology, School of Engineering and Science; Constantin Chassapis, Stevens Institute of Technology, School of Engineering and Science

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

. Therefore, after segmentation, these features were extracted by the featureextractor. Then, these features were input into the classifier. Basically, the classifier can recognizethese 3 objects with very high accuracy (89.1% for the digital scale, 91.3% for the pump and98.4% for the Xplorer GLX. The relatively low accuracy of the recognition is attributable to theKinect’s inability to cope with reflective surfaces which reduces the scanning accuracy. (a) (b) Figure 9: Step motor (a) photograph of physical step motor; (b) model in GBVL Page

Conference Session

Dynamic Systems and Control

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Diane L Peters, Kettering University; Richard Stanley, Kettering University; Craig J. Hoff, Kettering University; John Casci, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

there was not a true laboratory component in the course.The concerns identified by the students were often a reflection of their experiences during theirco-operative education rotations. Every student at Kettering University rotates between anacademic term and a co-operative education term, where students will work as engineeringinterns. The students do this rotation twice a year from the moment they enter the university.Because of this constant exposure to industry, students learn many of the ‘soft’ engineering skillsthat are difficult to teach in a classroom environment. However, this experience makes thestudents at Kettering ‘non-traditional’ students. They tend to filter their academic experiencesthrough their work experiences. The students

Conference Session

ECCD Innovative Teaching Applications

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas E McDermott P.E., University of Pittsburgh; Renee M Clark, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

in general pleased with the performance on thesein-class active learning assignments. In an open-ended question about the benefits of flippedinstruction, the students identified the ability to re-watch videos (2 students), problem solvingduring class (2 students), flexibility (1 student), and reinforcement of concepts (1 student). In asecond open-ended question about drawbacks and suggestions relative to the flipped classroom,two students expressed dislike of the flipped classroom, and three provided suggestions about theuse of in-class time, including more worked example problems during class (2 students).Instructor Reflections Page

Conference Session

Eco-Car Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel van Lanen, University of Waterloo

Tagged Topics

Eco-Car Poster Session

Advanced VehicleTechnology Competitions, and in this case EcoCAR 3, to reengineer a Chevrolet Camaro toreduce emissions while maintaining performance [16]. Not all members of the team requireadvanced safety training as they do not work directly on the vehicle. Some baseline training ishowever required for educational purposes as all students participate in outreach events andshow the vehicle in the community. Page 26.1352.7Design and Application of Innovative Student Safety Training ProgramThe safety training for the student team is a progressive multi-tier system that is separated intofour levels. The four different levels are used to reflect the

Conference Session

Communication Across the Divisions III: Writing as Social–Technical Integration

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Natascha M. Trellinger, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Rebecca R. Essig, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Cary D. Troy, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Brent K. Jesiek, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Josh Boyd, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

profession, yet it israrely included in sophomore and junior level courses. Reflecting on our own prior efforts todevelop writing assignments for such courses, we became curious about the extent to which themost popular engineering textbooks include writing prompts and related writing activities. Thisquestion seemed particularly important given that textbooks often play critical roles inengineering curricula and courses. Textbooks often influence how courses are structured, andreading assignments and homework problems are frequently assigned directly from textbooks.In this project, we systematically searched for and analyzed writing-based problems in sixpopular fluid mechanics textbooks, with a focus on chapters with similar technical content

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division – Epicenter Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Florian Michael Lintl, Stanford University; Qu Jin, Stanford University; Shannon Gilmartin, Stanford University; Helen L. Chen, Stanford University; Mark Schar, Stanford University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Helen L. Chen is a research scientist in the Designing Education Lab in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and the Director of ePortfolio Initiatives in the Office of the Registrar at Stanford University. She is also a member of the research team in the National Center for Engineering Pathways to Innovation (Epicenter). Helen earned her undergraduate degree from UCLA and her PhD in Communication with a minor in Psychology from Stanford University in 1998. Her current research interests include: 1) engineering and entrepreneurship education; 2) the pedagogy of ePortfolios and reflective practice in higher education; and 3) reimagining the traditional academic transcript.Dr. Mark Schar, Stanford University Mark

Conference Session

Assessing URM Programs Targeting the K-16 Continuum

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pablo Biswas, The Mercer University; Rohitha Goonatilake, Texas A&M International University; Gerardo Javier Pinzon P.E., Texas A&M International University; Mahmoud Khasawneh, Texas A&M International University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

recommend this workshop to others. Moreover, the resultsclearly show that the workshop was very well received by the participants. In addition, theaverage of all the survey questions from all respondents was 4.34 out of 5.0. The studentcomments on the survey reflected that: 1) speakers should come from different engineeringbackgrounds as opposed to all from civil engineering; 2) students indicated their desire to spendmore time working on the projects; 3) students liked the motivated speakers; 4) students wantedto have more field trips to engineering firms; and 5) students like to know about all the projectsinvolved in the workshop.The overall feedback question is presented in Appendix A. From the data collected it is obviousthat the workshop was

Conference Session

Communication in the Chemical Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adrienne Minerick, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

. For all student-led examples, student teams are tasked to complete the following:1. Develop a 30-45 minute step by step learning module for your classmates on the background physics, setting up and solving of the assigned problem. Start from fundamental concepts (i.e. those foundations already covered in the course) and build up to apply them in the example. a) Make sure that your team coordinates closely on the preparation of your example. The goal is to teach yourself and each other the material. Teams who divide up individual work are easily recognizable – this will be reflected in the grades (see section below). b) It is OK to give the class any supporting reading materials prior to your

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

M. Christopher Cotting, United States Air Force Test Pilot School

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

internally on a more efficient level. To map the FAAlearning levels to Bloom’s Taxonomy the flying qualities phase created learning objective verbsfound in Table 1. Page 26.193.5The new learning objectives are designed to reflect increased student learning as students progressthroughout the flying qualities phase . As new topics and concepts are introduced in academics ')* (&!""#&!(#"&%)& ###"(&- -"(''$)(("$&('(#(& &('"$ "#&". "&(&($("(!$&()&'#& (##&

Conference Session

Biological & Agricultural Division Technical Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tammara Ramírez Apud L., Universidad de las Americas Puebla; Judith Virginia Gutierrez Cuba; Nelly Ramirez-Corona, Universidad de las Americas Puebla; Aurelio Lopez-Malo, Universidad de las Americas Puebla; Enrique Palou, Universidad de las Americas Puebla

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biological & Agricultural

problem 6 (reflect on the Food Inc. documentary). Most ofstudents were at least on level 3 of the rubric but several of them were assessed with level 4 inmany of the criteria. That means most of the 8th semester students were able to state explicitlytheir premises, for which sources of evidence (personal, written, etc.) were unimpeachable andaccepted as fact. Their arguments were separated; sequenced logically to support solution to thestated problem. Most of their conclusions were relevant to problem, support their solutions, andare related to problem needs. Finally, most of their writing was confident and clearly focused. Itheld the reader’s (evaluators) attention. Relevant details were present that enriched their writing.Final remarks

Conference Session

Cooperative & Experiential Education Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard F. Vaz, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Paula Quinn, Quinn Evaluation Consulting

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

given a homework assignment but have basically created their own homework and then executed on it [because] to some extent, that’s what we do in the work world.From a management perspective, a project-based learning curriculum is an asset to employers:A project-based learning curriculum makes recruitment, training, integration, and advancementof employees easier for employers. Every employer who had been aware that WPI had a project-based learning curriculum or required students to complete at least one project or team-basedactivity identified experience doing project work—in and of itself—as a reason to hire graduates.Their positions were reflected in the statement of one employer who said that completing aproject in the context of a

Conference Session

ECCD Innovative Teaching Methods & Outreach

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Madhumi Mitra Ph.D, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; Abhijit Nagchaudhuri, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; Xavier Shastri Domnique Henry, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; Courtney RC Shirvani, University of Maryland Eastern Shore

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

particular focus on bioenergy and bioproducts to STEAM educators and researchers; and2) to develop and provide curricular materials and a set of teaching tools for educators forenhancing multidisciplinary instruction in the areas of sustainable bioenergy and bioproducts.The academy focuses on lessons and activities pertaining to sustainability, systems thinking,bioenergy, bioproducts, bioheat, biopower, and environment and policies related to energyissues. The participants got the opportunity to acquire concrete experiences involving teamwork,time management, and project execution skills; reflected on their learning experiences throughpresentations and the end of the institute; developed concepts related to organic chemistry,physics, engineering

Conference Session

Fundamental: K-12 Students' Beliefs, Motivation, and Self-efficacy

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joel Alejandro Mejia, West Virginia University; Dustin Drake, Utah State University; Amy Wilson-Lopez, Utah State University - Teacher Education and Leadership

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

“little opportunity to discuss and see the relevancy of their work”(p. 573).9 This example correlates with similar observations made by Stevens and colleaguesindicating that underrepresented students lost interest in engineering due to the lack of relevancyand connectedness to their values and cultures.8It is important for Latino students to see how engineering relates to their everyday lives. Valuessuch as “caring” or being a “people person,” 8 which are not reflected in engineering cultures,may be important to many minority students. Integrating information from a wide range ofsources, including affective factors, cultivates the sense of relevance of engineering work ofunderrepresented students.20Research QuestionsTo build the interest of

Conference Session

Sustainability and Hands-on Engineering Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan E. Powers, Clarkson University; Jan DeWaters, Clarkson University; Stefan J. Grimberg, Clarkson University; Daqing Hou, Clarkson University; Mary Margaret Monica Small, Clarkson University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

aclimate-controlled space. The 650sq. ft. pilot greenhouse (GH)utilizes innovative technologies andcontrol systems for the year-roundproduction of leafy greenvegetables, herbs and tomatoes.The state-of-art aeroponic growingsystem (Figure 2) uses only a smallfraction of the water and nutrientinputs required by traditionalgreenhouse growing operations. Figure 1. Schematic of the closed-loop cycling of many energy and material flows through the integrated greenhouse-Because northern climates do not digester system.provide sufficient light for plantgrowth, artificial lighting is also needed. We use high efficiency LED lights that make the roomsglow pink (Figure 2). Plants reflect green light, but

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Renetta G. Tull, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Maria Nandadevi Cortes-Rodriguez, ​ Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics National Zoological Park

Tagged Topics

Diversity, International Forum

-participation-in-stem-project/.The blog included several questions that were developed based on the events that wereoccurring during the conference, using a phenomenology methodology. The questions wereanswered “on-site” by all the participants answered the questions daily while they were inEcuador, and then had time to reflect upon additional questions once they returned to the U.S.Each day, we posted a new question and by the next morning, we would have group discussionsabout their previous responses, and perceptions about upcoming activities. The questions wereposted as follows:1. For those participants who are preparing for the LACCEI conference in Guayaquil, pleaseshare your general thoughts over the next few days regarding your experiences

Collection

2015 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Michael Korostelev; Ning Gong; Ralph Oyini Mbouna

. We are currently further testing ourhypothesis that gamification and two-way teaching should not simply be the addition of gamerules to course content but to replicate the intrinsic motivation that comes from playing a game.In the near future we plan to further improve our lesson plans to better fit the student’s interestsand background. We also recognize that the scenarios should reflect the current culture and beupdated continually.7. Bibliography1. Temple University General Education Program (2015), http://Gen-Ed.temple.edu2. Wieman C. E. (2014) Large-scale comparison of science teaching methods sends clear message. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (111), 8319-8320.3. Freeman S, et al. (2014) Active learning increases

Conference Session

Evaluation: Exploring High School Engineering Education Initiatives

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

J. Jill Rogers, University of Arizona; Noel Kathleen Hennessey, Program Coordinator; Sanlyn Buxner, University of Arizona; James C. Baygents, The University of Arizona

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

reflection aboutindividual career goals. It is reasonable to expect that students need to complete multiple GCDELI units in order to get a broader perspective on engineering as a career choice.Research question #2: Which components of the GC DELI unit impact student learning in apositive way?We analyzed students’ responses to two survey questions to answer this research question. Page 26.811.11Students were asked to rate how important the following factors were in forming an opinionabout their GC DELI unit: the online content, the hands on projects, the details and lecturematerials added by the instructor, and the interest they had in

Conference Session

Idea Generation and Creativity in Design

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Colin M. Gray, Iowa State University; Seda McKIlligan, Iowa State University; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Colleen M. Seifert, University of Michigan; Richard Gonzalez, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Conference Session

Diffusion and Adoption of Teaching Practices

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Romkey, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

-related practices for one of thesurvey questions, which asked the participants to rate 41 learning activities on how often theyhappen in their own undergraduate teaching (Very Often/Often/Sometimes/Never) and howimportant they perceive them to be in the undergraduate engineering curriculum as a whole(Very Important/Important/Somewhat Important/Not Important). The 41 learning activities,which in particular went through many iterations as part of the overall survey design process,reflect the 6 STSE Currents2 and the literature on Engineering and STSE-related practices as afoundation. It should be noted that several items represent more than one current, to represent theintermingling that occurs between the currents in practice, which is described

Conference Session

Beyond the Classroom

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chrissy Hobson Foster, Arizona State University; Aubrey Wigner, Arizona State University; Micah Lande, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Shawn S. Jordan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, hispassion for the arts led him to launch a business where he could combine his engineeringknowledge and skills with music. Unlike Alejandro, he did not see a disconnect with engineeringand the work that he is doing; rather, he wishes that his formal engineering education could havebeen extended to include developing interpersonal skills and business skills to enable people toleverage their ideas and pursue their goals. According to Cane, his future will include continuingto make the things he is making, to expand his business to other products, and to get involvedwith teaching again. Cane’s pathway reflects one that was driven by early childhood experiencesand a pursuit to use his engineering education to implement his art.Stephen’s pathway is

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nirmala Gnanapragasam, Seattle University; Nathan E Canney PE, Seattle University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

included as a category to reflect a team’s effort; an equivalent scoringrubric was developed for the report. These scores were used in the final grades of teams. In mid-2000’s both the scoring rubrics were revised again to include References and Bibliography, andFigure and Tables. These rubrics, used for proposal and report, are presented in Appendix A.1and A.2, respectively. These rubrics would hereafter be referred to as “original rubrics.” By2007 all CEE faculty advisors were grading the proposals and reports of all teams and using thescores to decide on the final grade.In 2013 the authors decided to revamp the scoring rubric for several reasons which are discussedbelow with the presentation of the proposed rubric.Research GoalsGiven the wide

Conference Session

Statics and Finite Element Analysis

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Qin Ma, Walla Walla University; Louie L. Yaw, Walla Walla University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

assumptions with more definite answers for students tograsp while photoelasticity provides more direct and quick results. However, the quantitativeinterpretation of the later method can be more subjective because the counting of colors is oftendifficult. Typical students’ responses as summarized below do reflect this argument.Quote: “This tool of analysis gives me more confidence because the analysis is much more precise. In thephotoelascity lab, we estimated stress based on the color range, which can be vague according to the interpretationof color.”Quote: “I trust the FEA results more than the photoelasticity results. I am more confident in the FEA results.”Quote: “The FEA method for this problem is more accurate since the program is looking at

Conference Session

Explorations in Mechanics Pedagogy

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shawn P. Gross, Villanova University; David W. Dinehart, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

numerical parameters used by students in the analysis were chosen by theinstructors to provide specific results that maximize educational benefits. Material failurestresses are established to be different values for tension and compression members, though theyare not varied as a function of member length for compression members. This simple approachallows for a brief qualitative discussion about the differences between tension- and compression-related member behavior, since students have not yet learned about Euler buckling.Furthermore, a higher factory of safety is used for compression members than for tensionmembers to reflect the higher potential variability associated with stability calculations ascompared to tensile material strength. The

Conference Session

New Engineering Educators Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Denise Wilson, University of Washington; Cheryl Allendoerfer, University of Washington; Rebecca A Bates, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Tamara Floyd Smith, Tuskegee University; Melani I. Plett, Seattle Pacific University; Nanette M Veilleux, Simmons College

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

study styles in a larger population; and (b) effectivemeans to identify student preferences for group work in multiple types of situations (laboratories,design projects, problem sets, etc.). This study has exposed patterns of study and workingtogether that can form the basis for a follow-up quantitative study.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the National Science Foundation for theirsupport of this work under the REESE program (grant numbers DRL-0909817, 0910143,0909659, 0909900, and 0909850). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendationsexpressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of theNational Science Foundation. The authors would also like to