Conference Session

Assessment in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Pittman, Texas Tech University; Sheima Khatib, Texas Tech University; Roman Taraban, Texas Tech University

]. Engineering students face many problem-solvingopportunities during their undergraduate experience with hopes that the problem-solving skillsthey develop in these low-stakes situations transfer to their career fields. However, according toLeland, et al. [2] many undergraduate students lack problem-solving skills needed to besuccessful as engineering students.Part of the role of an engineering instructor is to help students not only gain content knowledge,but also gain confidence in problem-solving [3]. Previous research has found that engineeringinstructors can influence self-perceptions, such as problem-solving confidence, and that doing sopositively affects students’ self-regulation, academic achievement [4], and problem-solvingperformance [5

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cortney Holles, Colorado School of Mines

careers. The lecture begins byproviding information about the now-illegal practice of redlining, explaining how it hascontributed to disparate environmental impacts for people living in historically redlinedneighborhoods. The lecture activity asks students to use online materials [21] to investigate thathistory as it played out in the Denver area and to connect it to ongoing environmental justiceprotests [22] over the proposed expansion of a major freeway through largely Latinxneighborhoods that have already been heavily impacted over several decades by vehicleemissions from the existing freeway and by industrial pollutants from factories along the freeway[23]. It ends by asking students to consider what the professional and environmental

Conference Session

Social Identities and STEM Experiences: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacqueline Handley, University of Michigan

Classrooms: A Beginning Teacher’s Journey,” American Educational Research Journal, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 1017–1045, Jan. 2002, doi: 10.3102/000283120390041017.[33] E. Tan, A. Calabrese Barton, H. Kang, and T. O’Neill, “Desiring a career in STEM-related fields: How middle school girls articulate and negotiate identities-in-practice in science,” J Res Sci Teach, vol. 50, no. 10, pp. 1143–1179, Dec. 2013, doi: 10.1002/tea.21123.[34] E. O. McGee, Black, Brown, Bruised: How Racialized STEM Education Stifles Innovation. Harvard Education Press, 2021.[35] S. N. Hesse-Biber and P. Leavy, Feminist research practice: a primer. SAGE Publications, 2007.[36] I. Esmonde and A. N. Booker, Power and Privilege in the Learning Sciences: Critical

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division Technical Session - PBL with Control Theory, Writing, ABET, and Shaping Ethical Worldviews

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Samuel Snyder, Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Education; Diana Bairaktarova, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

pilot interviews conductedwith faculty in STEM departments outside of the College of Engineering who took part inPathways.Pathways Curriculum Reform Virginia Tech has recently revised the general education curriculum to improve integrationacross courses. In the new model, each course has one of two common learning outcomes -- ethicalreasoning or intercultural and global awareness. By incorporating these learning objectives acrossall of the general education courses over the students academic career, students might be able tobetter integrate their learning across courses, including across disciplines. This project examinescourses within the COE that integrate the ethical reasoning component of the Pathways curriculumPilot Interview

Conference Session

Computers in Education 6 - Best of CoED

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elma Hernandez, Texas Tech University; Venkatesh Uddameri, Texas Tech University; Ameri Gurley, Texas Tech University

make pressure and flow measurements and illustrate conservation of mass, energyand momentum. While these types of instruments continue to be used in the industry, there are alsonew sets of microprocessor-controlled instruments that are increasingly being utilized to make real timeflow and energy measurements in real world systems. In addition to focusing on illustratingfundamental concepts related to flow, energy conservation, major and minor losses in pipes and openchannels, it is also important to expose students to modern instrumentation methods that they willlikely encounter in their practicing careers. Micro-processor based tools also help extend datacollection outside traditional laboratory class times allowing students to work with high

Conference Session

Innovation In Teaching - II

Collection

2022 ASEE Zone IV Conference

Authors

Elizabeth Fife, University of Southern California

Tagged Topics

Conference Submission, Diversity

persuade the company to take strongermeasures to address social justice issues and climate change are mainly software engineers andmid-level executives; individuals who are well-paid and have stable career trajectories that theyintend to have continue as they press for systemic change. The comments of these engineersindicate an intention to work within the company to encourage its decision-makers to use thepower and influence of Amazon to address systemic issues outside the company.Given that graduating engineering students often purport to care about the ethics of the companythey work for, efforts have been made to demonstrate progressive values and openness as acompany recruitment tool; having recruited employees that actually care about these

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Technical Session 2: Instruction

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jodi Bolognese, Northeastern University; Bridget Smyser, Northeastern University

part of the university’s WritingProgram. There are also two writing intensive courses that require background research to informlab reports and research presentations. In sum, students are exposed to research and IL-relatedpractice at several points in the Mechanical Engineering curriculum, albeit with some variability.For example, not all FYE students attend the library workshop, and despite a common set oflearning outcomes for the technical writing course, different faculty take different approaches todesigning their courses. Also, students may not take the technical writing course until late intheir academic career due to scheduling reasons.When students reach Capstone Design, where they are expected to apply their research skills to

Conference Session

Understanding Inclusivity and Equity in STEM Contexts: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benjamin Lutz, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Steffen Peuker, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

and facilitates faculty learning communities and is the co-author of "Studying Engineering - A Road Map to a Rewarding Career". © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Preliminary Development and Validation of the Engineering Social Justice Scale AbstractThe purpose of this work in progress is to provide preliminary findings from efforts to develop avalid and reliable instrument to measure students’ attitudes, beliefs, and intentions related to socialjustice in engineering contexts. As researchers continue to demonstrate the critical links betweenengineering topics and social justice

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Changing How We Teach: Flipping, Project-Based Learning, and More!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jes Barron, United States Military Academy; Brock Barry, United States Military Academy; James Klosky, United States Military Academy

. Prior to pursuing a career in academics, Dr. Barry spent 10 years as a senior geotechnical engineer and project manager on projects throughout the United States. He is a licensed professional engineer. Dr. Barry's passion is teaching the Army's future engineers. He was recognized for his remarkable teaching with the American Society for Engineering Education 2020 National Outstanding Teaching Award.James Ledlie Klosky (Professor of Civil Engineering) Led Klosky is a Professor of Civil Engineering and long-time member of the faculty at West Point. A Professional Engineer, Led serves as the Dean's Executive Agent for Design and Construction and is interested in the design of collaborative learning spaces

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Division Technical Session 7: Library Collaboration

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca Bates, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Rob Sleezer, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Heidi Southworth, Minnesota State University, Mankato

and theability to locate, evaluate and effectively use information [7]. This definition is echoed in thelibrary’s Educational Competencies & Student Learning Outcomes that were formally adopted in2018 by the library faculty, which states that “information literacy principles underpin oureducational works and support our collective goal to prepare students for career and life-longlearning by facilitating discovery, study, learning and scholarship” [8]. While the 2000 ALAstandards were replaced in 2016 with the Association of College and Research Libraries’Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education [9], the original competencies from2000 were utilized in 2006 to create Information Literacy Standards for Science andEngineering

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kaitlin Mallouk, Rowan University; Darby Riley, Rowan University; Jacob Troutman, University of Texas at Austin

accessibility of education. Her current research is focused on the adoption of pedagogy innovations by instructors, specifically the use of reflections and application of the entrepreneurial mindset. Her previous research experience includes examination of implicit bias in the classroom, and application of VR technologies to improve student engagement. Darby hopes to pursue a career in STEM education and educational research.Kaitlin Mallouk (Assistant Professor) Kaitlin Mallouk is an Assistant Professor and Undergraduate Program Coordinator in Experiential Engineering Education at Rowan University. Prior to beginning that role, she spent five years an Instructor in the Mechanical Engineering and Experiential Engineering

Conference Session

PCEE Technical Session 6: Engineering Design in High School

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen Plaster, The University of Akron; Nidaa Makki

PBL was theengineer to entrepreneur curriculum. Fig. 1. Pre-Service Teachers in the study. 5 women & 5 men; 5 science & 5 math; 2 graduate & 8 undergraduates.ImplementationPrior to the implementation of the entrepreneurial unit, the PSTs worked through two STEMPBLs revolving around water and renewable energy. Through these PBLs, they learnedengineering principles such as design, constraints, and problem development. At the end of eachPBL, PSTs created lesson plans that integrated the PBL topics with their content. Additionally,they met with engineers to learn about engineering careers and how the engineering disciplinefits into the engineers' work life. The implementation was from the eighth week through the tenthweek of the 15

Conference Session

Technological and Engineering Literacy - Philosophy of Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Harly Ramsey, University of Southern California

energy to think about theirprofessional future because of the requirements of school. Students’ repeated comments aboutfeeling reassured after watching the videos of alumni describing their career paths suggests thestress-based intensity of triage time. When students are first encouraged to pursue engineering asa profession and future identity, the field is presented as expansive and aspirational. Not only dostudents experience a stressful and limited perspective of time as they shift into triage time, theirexperience represents a contraction of their perspective and a shrinking of their expectations.Research Question 2: Can a minor intervention empower engineering students with a sense ofagency in respect to time and their professional

Conference Session

Pedagogy in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sidney Stone, The University of Toledo; Breanne Crockett; Kevin Xu, The University of Toledo; Matthew Liberatore, The University of Toledo

Paper ID #37546Animation Analytics in an Interactive Textbook for Materialand Energy BalancesSidney StoneBreanne CrockettKevin Xu Kevin S. Xu received the B.A.Sc. degree from the University of Waterloo in 2007 and the M.S.E. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Michigan in 2009 and 2012, respectively. He is a recipient of the NSF CAREER award, and his research has been supported by several NSF and NIH grants. He is currently an assistant professor in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department at the University of Toledo where he leads the Interdisciplinary Data Engineering and Science (IDEAS

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 5: Design and Robotics

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Olukemi Akintewe, University of South Florida; Walter Silva Sotillo, University of South Florida

career, especially since engineers are almost always working in small teams to accomplish a given task." o "For me, this project has been a major learning curve. While it is fun, it's challenging yet doesn't have a cookie-cutter solution like most classes do. The lab lectures are formatted for the forward motion of the project itself. Some students (especially online) might feel lazy. This gets them to be proactive and do their work on time." o "I like how it is all the interesting things I came to college to learn about, like electronics, robots, some coding, and I feel like the structure would work really well if it was in- person classes."• 4-Q2

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Technical Session 2: Enhancing Energy-Related Education with Student Design Projects

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leon Liebenberg, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Taylor Tucker, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

. Mezirow and E. Taylor, Eds. San Francsisco, CA : Jossey-Bass, 2010. pp. 18-23.[14] J. Meyer, D. Knight, T. Baldock, M. Kizil, L. O’Moore, and D. Callaghan, “Scoping metalearning opportunity in the first three years of engineering,” in Profession of Engineering Education: Advancing teaching, research, and careers, 23rd Annual Conference of the Australasian Association for Engineering Education, 2012.[15] M. Sonntag, “Reflexive pedagogy in the apprenticeship in design, ” European Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 31, issue 1, pp.109-117, 2006.[16] T. Tucker, E. Vernooij, A. Wolf, Bo-C. Linn, R. Baird, N. Dancholvichit, and L. Liebenberg, “Transforming an Engineering Design Course into an Engaging Learning

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division ASCE Liaison Committee - Accreditation and Curriculums - What Changes Are Occurring?

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leslie Nolen, American Society of Civil Engineers; Jay Puckett, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; David Dzombak, Carnegie Mellon University; Wayne Bergstrom

Objectives, New York: Longman, 1956.[5] “Commentary on the ABET Program Criteria for Civil and Similarly Named Programs – Effective for the 2019-2020 Accreditation Cycle,” January 2019, ABET, Baltimore, MD. https://www.asce.org/-/media/asce-images-and-files/career-and-growth/educators/civil- engineering-program-commentary-eac.pdf [Accessed January 28, 2022]. APPENDIX A: Existing and Initial Draft CEPCExisting CE Program Criteria These program criteria apply to engineering programs that include “civil” or similar modifiers in their titles. 1. Curriculum The curriculum must prepare graduates to apply knowledge of mathematics through differential equations, calculus-based physics, chemistry, and at least

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Integration of Engineering and/or Technical Rigor with Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Justice (DEIJ)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Manish Roy, University of Connecticut; Maria Chrysochoou, University of Connecticut; Connie Syharat, University of Connecticut

Paper ID #38005Redesigning Soil Mechanics as an Inclusive CourseManish Roy Manish Roy is an Assistant Professor in Residence in the department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Connecticut. He obtained his Bachelor of Engineering degree in Civil Engineering (Hons.) at Jadavpur University in India. He obtained his MS and Doctoral degree in Civil Engineering at the West Virginia University and the University of Connecticut, respectively. He worked for nine years in the industry as an engineer/manager in India and Bangladesh before starting his graduate study in the US. He started his career as

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Kaufman-Ortiz, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Jason Morphew, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); N. Sanjay Rebello; Carina Rebello, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

aSTEM degree [1], [2]. Many factors can impact students' persistence in their major, howeverfactors such as interest, career, and personal relevance, and grades in introductory courses arestrong predictors of persistence within STEM majors [3] - [5]. Those who persist as a STEMmajor often find themselves underprepared for problem-solving within authentic settings. Introductory STEM courses present engineering students with well-structured problemswith single-path solutions that do not prepare students with the problem-solving skills they willneed to solve complex problems within authentic engineering contexts. When presented withcomplex problems in authentic contexts, engineering students find it difficult to transfer thescientific

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

S. Catherine Key, North Carolina Central University; Aileen Reid, University of North Carolina, Greensboro; Eric Saliim, North Carolina Central University; Tanina Bradley

of CAD and CAD design occurred during informal learningsettings with self-directed usage of tutorial videos provided by Autodesk and the courseinstructor. Student projects are developed through a series of subsequently scheduled formalproject meetings throughout the design-thinking process involving the instructor and otherstudents to discuss design iteration, design challenges, and user feedbackRecruitmentAt NCCU, the mission is to educate and train African Americans for global careers in the 21stCentury [12]. Our current coursedemographics (81% black, 6% white and4% Latin-X) reflect that we areparticipating in this mission to date. Thestudents participating in the “Making”-infused CURE (DaBuGs) and CURE-like(Genetics) courses are

Conference Session

ERM: Problem Solving and Conceptual Understanding

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roman Taraban, Texas Tech University; Sheima Khatib, Texas Tech University; Jacob Vaughn, Texas Tech University

IG CR 0.25 K 0.38 CW TMDiscussionProblem solving has been a rich area of research for decades and across multiple domains.Research on problem solving is especially pertinent to engineering education, through whichstudents prepare for professional careers involving highly complex and often novel and poorlydefined problems. The present study carried out data collection in a senior-level engineeringclass over the course of a semester in order to identify problem-solving steps that studentsapplied to a broad range of

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Fluids, Heat Transfer

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Keesee; Katrina Christiansen; Cherish Bauer-Reich

?These questions were designed to force the students to think critically about a design. This led tothe students conducting their own research into wind tunnel design. Undergraduate studentstypically do not conduct much if any research, as this is a skill typically developed duringgraduate school. However, research is a skill that will be necessary in their capstone project andlater in their careers, and thus an additional aim of this project was to help develop this skill.Students were next tasked with determining the design parameters that were important to them.While there were no constraints, except budget, initially placed on the students, the followingquestions were presented to help the students bound their own designs: 1) What do you

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 10: Best of First-Year Programs Division

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Connor Jenkins, The Ohio State University; Krista Kecskemety, The Ohio State University

, engineers often spend most of their time communicating technicalinformation [2], [3]. Because of this, graduate engineers have frequently expressed the importanceof strong technical communication skills in their careers [3], [4], [5]. The importance of technicalcommunication skills is also supported by the Accreditation Board of Engineering Technology(ABET) student outcome, “an ability to communicate effectively with a range of audiences” [6],that is required to be met by all accredited engineering programs. One way to help developtechnical communication skills in students is by giving students feedback on technicalcommunication assignments. Multiple studies have shown that student learning is enhancedthrough the use of feedback on assignments [7

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stu Thompson, Bucknell University; Alan Cheville, Bucknell University; Jason Forsyth, James Madison University

affiliated with KEEN onsome campuses. Another tension can be described as schismogenesis, the fact that cultures oftendefine themselves in opposition to adjacent cultures. Despite the close relationship betweenengineering and business the integration of business and engineering cultures, particularly thosewhich emphasize engineering science, may be problematic [10]. Third, it seems that the KEENframework is not fully based on empirical research on how students learn, but rather desiredtraits of students that are assumed to benefit them in entrepreneurial endeavors. The extent towhich these mindsets and skills do this is not yet clear since understanding the impact onstudents’ careers requires difficult, long-term longitudinal studiesIn summary, KEEN

Conference Session

Engineering Economy Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raymond Smith, East Carolina University; James Etheridge; Ricky Castles, East Carolina University

improve water control and flood management within specific regionsof the watershed. Each project required capital investment with ongoing operational andmaintenance requirements. This paper examines the challenges project teams experiencedspecifically related to their use of engineering economics methods in making decisions during theengineering design process and formulates a series of lessons learned that may guide futureinstructors in planning community-engaged projects with their students.1 IntroductionEngineering capstone design projects are a critical part of the undergraduate engineeringcurriculum that binds the training and education received to a real-world application to preparestudents for lifelong careers as engineers. Integrating

Conference Session

Bringing Engineering Leadership Pedagogy to Life!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Olivier de Weck, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; John Feiler, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Kyra Tan-Tiongco, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Reza Rahaman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Christian de Weck, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

MIT in 2018 after a 29 year career in the Consumer Packaged Goods, Pharmaceuticals, and Agricultural Chemical Industries. Immediately prior to MIT, Reza was the Vice-president of Research, Development, and Innovation for the Specialty Division of the Clorox Company. In that role he was accountable for developing innovation strategies for a diverse set of businesses and ensuring robust technology roadmaps and innovation pipelines to deliver growth and profit targets for 45% of the Clorox Company portfolio ($2.7bn in net customer sales). Among his businesses were Brita, Burt’s Bees, Glad, Hidden Valley Ranch, Fresh Step, and Kingsford Charcoal. Notable product platforms developed and launched under his leadership include

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session: Pedogogy and Training

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Olewnik, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Scott Ferguson, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Nadeem Sheikh, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Amrith Mariappan, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Laine Schrewe, The State University of New York, College at Buffalo

authentically prepare students for a career in engineering. Research suggests that students willlearn more and be more engaged throughout the problem-solving process when they are workingon problems that they feel are authentically relevant to the engineering field [11]. Whendesigning these problems, it is critical to carefully consider the specific objectives and type ofproblem that best fit each project. De Graaff & Kolmos [12] suggest considering a series ofquestions when determining the objectives for work in PBL, including (but not limited to): wherewill the project lead, what goals does it fulfill, and what should students learn? These questionsshould help the problem designer identify key student learning outcomes that should behighlighted

Conference Session

EMD Technical Session 1: Captstone, Ethics, and Statistical Methods

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth McDonald, United States Military Academy

providethe very best of one’s capabilities. Good engineering ethics is an important component to theprofessional careers of engineers; however, the focus of our engineering education does notprovide the necessary exposure to engineering ethics education as it should. “An engineer’sconduct (as captured in professional codes of conduct) toward other engineers, towardemployers, toward clients, and toward the public is an essential part of the life of aprofessional engineer, yet the education process and professional societies pay inadequateattention to this area.” [1] Truly, developing ethical engineers goes beyond classicalpedagogical approaches. Certainly, to develop an engineer’s desire to practice goodengineering ethics requires an approach that

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erika Mosyjowski, University of Michigan; Kelley Dugan, University of Michigan; Shanna Daly, University of Michigan; Colleen Seifert, University of Michigan; Elizabeth Pollack

awareness, engineers’ academic and career decision-making, and ways to effectively facilitate more diverse, inclusive, and equitable engineering environments.Kelley E Dugan Kelley E. Dugan is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Michigan. Her current research focuses on exploration of design process models, assessment of socially engaged engineering skills, and assessments of systems thinking skills. Her research interests include complex problem solving, front-end design practices, and design behavior for sustainability. She has a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from The Ohio State University. Prior to starting graduate school, she worked in the consumer appliance industry for

Conference Session

ERM: Mental Health and Wellness

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Wilson, University of Kentucky; Katie Wilder, University of Kentucky; Whitney Blackburn-Lynch, University of Kentucky; Joseph Hammer; Daniel Dailey, University of Kentucky

investigatesubpopulation differences in MH distress and MH related help-seeking perceptions.Help-seeking behavior in college studentsIn the broader college student population, it has been hypothesized that the most effective way toincrease MH help seeking behaviors in college students is to change their self-perceptions andattitude toward professional MH services [8]-[10]. Research has also examined help seekingbehaviors of students in self-identified high-stress academic programs (e.g., law [11], medicine[12], [13], nursing [14], dentistry [15], [16]). In these studies, the most significant factors for notseeking help for MH concerns pertained to perceived stigma(s), fear of disclosure, and perceiveddetriment to academic and/or career success; students in these