Conference Session

Beyond Students: Issues of Underrepresentation among Parents and Professionals

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carlotta A. Berry, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Monica Farmer Cox, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Joyce B. Main, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

the American Associationfor the Advancement of Science (AAAS). The women shared common experiences related to the“double oppression of sex and race or ethnicity plus the third oppression in the chosen career,science”. They discussed their unique positions, identified common barriers and challenges totheir success, and formulated plans for change at departmental and institutional levels. Theensuing publication, The Double Bind: The Price of Being a Minority Woman in Science,1 marksthe first collective report on the unique challenges faced by underrepresented minority women inthe sciences. 7According to Malcolm et al.,1 much has changed regarding women of color (WOC) since 1975.The conversation has moved from “rights versus wrongs” and more

Conference Session

Biomedical Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew B. A. McCullough, North Carolina A&T State University; Courtney Lambeth, North Carolina A&T State University; DeRome O. Dunn, North Carolina A&T State University; Devdas M. Pai, North Carolina A&T State University; Jangannathan Sankar, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

, 2014Work In Progress: Coordination of Pre-College Summer Programs to Create a Pipeline intoBiomedical EngineeringIntroduction: The National Science Foundation (NSF) requires that all funding integrate educationcomponents to help train future scientists and engineers[1]. In an effort to respond to thisrequirement, as well as the worker shortage and lack of diversity in the Science, Technology,Engineering, and Math (STEM) fields[2, 3], the NSF Engineering Research Center forRevolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials(ERC-RMB) at North Carolina Agricultural and TechnicalState University (NC A&T) in Greensboro, NC developed two impactful educational outreachactivities, the Bioengineering Institute (BEI) and the Young Scholars Program (YSP

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bruce W. Char, Drexel University (Computing); Thomas T. Hewett, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

meeting a two hour proficiency exam. There werean on-line pre-lab prep quiz, and a post-lab on-line homework assignment. The course typicallyran as approximately 30 lab sections of 30-35 students, across 20 different time periods. This isan example of a “flipped classroom,” in that most of the contact time was spent in active learningfrom lab activities.Choice of languageThe first version of the course used Maple2 as the computation system and programminglanguage. Maple was selected for several reasons. 1. Maple is interactive, similar to systems such as Python, MATLAB or Mathematica that allow immediate execution and display of a single operation without a compilation phase. This leads to more immediate feedback and interaction

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheryl A. Bodnar, University of Pittsburgh; Eric J. Beckman, University of Pittsburgh, Chemical Engineering Department; Joseph J. McCarthy, University of Pittsburgh; Steven R. Little, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

(from sophomores to graduate student TAs to faculty), but alsoproduce a new generation of alumni better equipped to work in today’s marketplace, whether Page 24.1384.2they choose to work within an existing company or venture out on their own.Rationale for Product Innovation SequenceInnovation is critical to the US economy, a hypothesis advanced by a seemingly endless series ofarticles, reports and blogs.1, 2, 3, 4 The president firmly believes in this message and hasformalized it through “A Strategy for American Innovation: Securing our Economic Growth andProsperity.”5 Here he notes “America’s future economic growth and

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Denise H. Bauer, University of Idaho, Moscow; Edwin M. Odom, University of Idaho, Moscow

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

decided to use a Fitter Rocker balance board (Figure 1) due to the ability to reuse it eachsemester and the ease of attaching a holder for the Smartphone while testing. We also knew avariety of tests could be performed with minimal time commitment and funds, two veryimportant aspects of the course. Eight students selected the “Stability” project in the Fall 2013semester even after the class was told that they would be creating this project from scratch. Theyformed two teams of four students each and were initially tasked with finding an appropriate app(Accelerometer Monitor, Dev: Mobile Tools, Version 1.6, Android IOS) to use (Figure 2) andbuild a casing to hold the measuring device. Developing an app would have been more timeconsuming and

Conference Session

Biomedical Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kyle Steven Martin, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

’ abilities to identifyproblems and determine the needs of the clients (staff, infants). Figure 1 shows a representativeexample of one of the observed problems and our design process from class. Students were freeto choose any complication they observed to work on and many created solutions for sanitation, Page 24.1386.2equipment securement, and staff monitoring. Figure 1. Students discovered high-frequency oscillatory ventilation tubing was difficult to secure, where the solution devised by the NICU nurses consisted of stuffing blankets in the port of the incubator (left). A design was created using a CAD program

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rachel M. White, Oregon State University; Bill Jay Brooks, Oregon State University; Debra M. Gilbuena, Oregon State University; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Warehouse Student Application mirrors that of theAIChE Concept Warehouse user interface16. This is logical since the application is an extensionof the student user interface. Specifically, the process includes the following steps: 1. Develop a function list for each screen. 2. Create a storyboard or mockup for each activity that includes the necessary functions. 3. Implement the mockup concepts into the live application. 4. Conduct internal testing via an emulator and a developer-enabled phone. 5. Test usability with students in a classroom setting.We have completed the storyboarding part of the process and are currently iterating betweenimplementations of features and internal testing. Design conversations have led to changes inthe

Conference Session

Biomedical Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marcia A. Pool, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Jennifer L. Groh, Purdue University Women in Engineering Program, West Lafayette; Allison L. Sieving, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

there is a need to establish a pathwaythrough which the student interest in STEM is reinforced. To increase interest in biomedicalengineering (BME), we developed outreach modules which enabled students to explore andbuild knowledge of the engineering design process by utilizing their problem solving skills.The engineering design process is defined as an “[iterative], decision-making process in whichthe basic sciences, mathematics, and the engineering sciences are applied to convert resourcesoptimally to meet these stated needs”1. When employed, the engineering design process is acontinuous cycle of improvement involving: problem identification, brainstorming, conceptgeneration, implementation, and verification of the design. These engineering

Conference Session

Biomedical Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Martin T. Spang, Ohio State University; Aaron Strickland, Ohio State University; Deborah M. Grzybowski, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

the design project: a robot design-build course and an alternativenanotechnology (nano) research course. The study has included students who have completed thehonors engineering sequence in the past four years. Approximately 1500 students havecompleted the sequence over the past four years, and the distribution by course and year can beviewed in Table 1 below. Table 1: Distribution of student participants by course and year Year Robot Nano Total 2010 307 39 346 2011 277 47 324 2012 293 61

Conference Session

Biomedical Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark A. Ruegsegger, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

ideas, best practices, reports, and strategies throughout theyear via teleconferencing and email. Although simple in some ways, it also included a lot ofchallenges. Further discussion refined the early ideas to focus on a pre-capstone experience forJunior students, where NJU and OSU students could work on teams and gain extra design andteam skills, with an international perspective, before the senior capstone course. From this, thecurrent plan is detailed here of an annual Summer Design Experiences (SDE) at both institutions,and an internationally co-mentored senior design project in alternate years at NJU.Program StructureThe overall program structure is presented in Table 1, showing the timeline for events in a two-year cycle. The Summer

Conference Session

The Use of Games and Unique Textbooks in Mathematics Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Reeping, Ohio Northern University; Kenneth J. Reid, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

for the text:communicate essential mathematics effectively, represent the engineering professionauthentically with appropriate application problems, and provide support to the student to ensuresuccessful learning experience.Finding a Foundation for a Textbook to Authentically Incorporate EngineeringThe desired content and structure of the book was informed by an advisory board of teachersthrough three guiding questions 1. At the time of the initial survey, teachers representing 10different schools across 2 states offered to assist in this effort. The first round of questions wasdeveloped by the investigators to create some idea for the target for this project in terms ofcontent and market. The teachers were sent the following questions:1

Conference Session

Innovative Techniques in Structural Engineering Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew W. Roberts, University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Angela Marie Jones, University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Michael K. Thompson, University of Wisconsin, Platteville

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

well.BackgroundUW-Platteville is a mid-sized public university with a sizeable college of engineering. The De-partment of Civil & Environmental Engineering (CEE) is one of the largest departments on cam-pus with approximately 475 students. Each student majoring in civil engineering must choose anemphasis area (e.g., construction, geotechnical, etc.). All students take junior-level courses ineach emphasis area and then complete senior-level technical electives in their respective empha-sis areas.As part of recent curriculum revisions, CEE department faculty recently revamped the structuralengineering course sequence as shown in Table 1, which shows courses required of all civil en-gineering students regardless of emphasis area. As can be seen in Table 1

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Walter W. Schilling Jr., Milwaukee School of Engineering; John K. Estell, Ohio Northern University; Khalid S. Al-Olimat P.E., Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

project abstracts are then distributed to the junior students. Each student is askedto choose three or four project proposals and submit them in ranked order of preference. Thisfeedback is reviewed by the faculty for their comments, after which the department chair andsenior design coordinator assign students to appropriate project groups based on studentcapabilities, project needs, and placement preferences Each team is advised by a facultymember and students start interacting with their faculty project advisor prior to the end of thejunior year.The senior capstone experience consists of a year-long sequence of two courses; ECCS 4711Senior Design 1 which is offered in fall semester; and ECCS 4721 Senior Design 2 which isoffered in spring

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Neelam Soundarajan, Ohio State University; Swaroop Joshi, Ohio State University; Rajiv Ramnath, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

topic inquestion both in order to help them develop a deeper understanding of the topic and in order tohighlight problem areas that need further elaboration by the instructor. We discuss the theoreticalbasis behind the work, provide some details of the prototype implementation of an on-line tool thatenables such structured discussions, and describe our plans for using it in an undergraduate courseon software engineering and for assessing the approach.1. IntroductionThe most widely accepted definition of the flipped classroom is one where “events that have tra-ditionally taken place inside the classroom now take place outside the classroom and vice versa”,see, e.g., Lage et al. 1 . Thus the knowledge transfer that the traditional lecture tries

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Petr Johanes, Stanford University; Larry Lagerstrom, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

and contained twelve questions (not countingthree demographic questions concerning degree-level, year-in-school, and department). Bothopen-ended questions and choose-a-response questions were included: 1. How are you finding the course so far? What would you like more of? Less of? 2. What do you like/dislike about the online videos? 3. What do you like/dislike about the other online components of the course? 4. What do you like/dislike about the homework assignments distributed so far? 5. On average, how many hours per week are you spending on the online materials (videos, quizzes, etc.)? [A range of possibilities was given from which to choose, such as <1, 1-2, 3-4, 5-8, and so on.] 6. On average, how many hours

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kuosheng Ma, Southern Polytechnic State University ; Liang Hong, Tennessee State University; Kai Qian, Southern Polytechnic State University; Dan Lo, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

, students are expectedto demonstrate their ability on building mobile applications, constructing embedded sensingsystems, and performing remote sensing on different applications. The project will be hosted in arepository to ease the dissemination to the whole academic community.We have developed the pilot modules in this labware. As an example, figure 1 shows therepository page of the prototype design. The labware is comprised of modules which aredesigned to be used from introductory of mobile device program to ultimate embedded sensormodalities. Currently there are six modules have been developed and each module contains threemajor components. The “pre-lab” is used to introduce concepts, background, and some activitiesfor lab preparation. The “in

Conference Session

Robotics and Automation

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aleksandr Sergeyev, Michigan Technological University; Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

students in a way that many undergraduates have to work to secure the funds for theireducation which in turn requires a more flexible class schedule. In order to accommodate theneeds of both groups: the university enrolled students and industry representative, the Page 24.1.3educational units must adequately adjust their curriculum, providing students with theopportunity to learn via traditional, blended or purely on-line class styles. Figure 1 depicts allthree educational approaches. The first case represents a traditional model, in which the theoryand hands-on activities are delivered in-person. We note that even the traditional approachbranches

Conference Session

Capstone & Senior Design Projects

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aleksandr Sergeyev, Michigan Technological University; Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University; Quinn Alexander Parnell; Turki Arif Aldulaijan, Michigan Technological University; Kerry O'Conner

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

closed contacts, to mix and heat/cool up to three different liquids. Figure 1 provides theclosed loop chemical mixing plant overview. The machine is designed to take up to threedifferent liquids and mix them in a beaker before sending the mixture through one of two paths.The path the mixture travels is determined by which normally open and normally closed DCvalves were set. The path from the beaker to the pump is shown in Figure 2. Once the liquidmixture travels through the pump it has three different paths to take. The first is it can be Page 24.2.5pumped directly out of the system and disposed of. The other two paths keep the mixture in

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching Engineering Economy

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Weihang Zhu, Lamar University; Alberto Marquez P.E., Lamar University; Julia H. Yoo, Lamar University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

devices. 116 students participated in this study. Surveys and interviewresults showed that the majority of the students who used the app said that the app aided theirlearning. 94% of the users said that they would recommend using the app to others who studyEngineering Economics.* Acknowledgment: This project is partially supported by a grant from the National ScienceFoundation DUE-1140457 to Lamar University. Page 24.3.2 1. Introduction Engineering Economics is a core class in the field of engineering and is also covered on theFundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam, which is the first step to be a Professional Engineer(PE). This course teaches

Conference Session

Design Realization

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chrissy Hobson Foster, Arizona State University; Micah Lande, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Shawn S. Jordan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

attributes that could define the engineer of the future. The study presented within thispaper is specifically aimed at understanding how Makers engage in communities of practice.Specifically two research questions guided this study: (1) who do Makers collaborate with duringtheir Making and (2) how do the Makers interact and engage in collective learning at the MakerFaires?Research ApproachThis study relied upon attending the Maker Faires and interacting with Makers. To identifyparticipants for the study, a participant screening questionnaire was administered to exhibitors atthree Maker Faire festivals (the New York Maker Faire 2012, 2013, and the Bay Area MakerFaire 2013). Stratified purposeful sampling was performed to select participants and

Conference Session

Diversity Redefined: Nontraditional Views in Traditional Environments

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kendra Woodberry Brinkley, Virginia Commonwealth University; Falcon Rankins, Virginia Commonwealth University; Stevara Clinton, Virginia Commonwealth University Department of Chemistry; Rosalyn Hobson Hargraves, Virginia Commonwealth University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Keeping Up with Technology: Transitioning Summer Bridge into a Virtual ClassroomIntroductionIn past years, the United States has produced highly qualified individuals that are able to lead ininnovations in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. Theseadvances in such specified areas have been a major contributor to economic growth in the U.S.However the U.S. is facing a major challenge in that STEM bachelor’s degree as a percentage oftotal degrees conferred has steadily decreased in the last decade.(1) Furthermore, as noted by thePresident’s Council of Advisors on Science and

Conference Session

Potpourri

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

student may last for many years afterstudent’s graduation. Often it is difficult to define, in a clear manner, what mentoring isand how a professor can become a good mentor. The paper describes some attributes ofmentoring and sketches out how a faculty member might become a good mentor tostudents.II. How to Become a Mentor?So how does one become an effective mentor of engineering students? Perhaps we couldlist the attributes of good mentors and simply say “go ahead and do that.” But thisapproach is not without precedent. The National Academy of Sciences takes thisapproach in its book, Advisor, Teacher, Role Model, & Friend. (1) It advises new mentorsto try to implement most of the following: • Listen patiently to their mentees

Conference Session

Design in the Curriculum

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James D. Sweeney, Florida Gulf Coast University; Kristine R. Csavina, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Lisa Zidek, Florida Gulf Coast University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

engineering senior rapid design challenge requiring design and build of “adevice for a third-world clinic to infuse a cholera treatment solution” (and subject to multipleconstraints and performance metrics)1. Our goals with this version of a rapid design challenge(which to date has focused on various versions of relatively simple medical device designs) havevery much included those stated by Tranquillo and Cavanagh; namely, that each annual problemshould “(1) be of interest to students, (2) have a solution that is technically simple enough to bebuilt in a short amount of time, (3) allow for many types of viable solution concepts, (4) have ahigh probability of success in the allotted time limit, and (5) be presented in such a way as tocreate an

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-college Engineering: Research on Teachers' Perceptions, Attitudes and Impacts of Teacher PD

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anastasia Marie Rynearson, Purdue University; Kerrie A Douglas, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Heidi A. Diefes-Dux, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

for Computational Nanotechnology (NCN). Page 24.9.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 “Engineering teaches problem solving”: Teachers’ perceptions of student learning through engineering lessons (Research to Practice)IntroductionEngineering in elementary school classrooms is a growing trend. Standards and assessments atlocal, state, and national levels are increasingly incorporating engineering into existing subjectslike science or math or creating standalone engineering requirements 1, 2. Engineering practiceencompasses a

Conference Session

Issues in ET Education II

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leigh Sharma, Southern Polytechnic State University; Christina R. Scherrer, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

if it included, in the previous semester, low-point value assignments.Assignments were operationally defined as “low-point value” if each assignment was worth nomore than 7% of a student’s grade (e.g., a single assignment worth 5% or a set of 10 homeworkassignments that totaled 30% of the classroom grade). These classes were classified as eitherwithin the student’s major, part of the core curriculum, or other.To form the subsample for analysis, approximately 1 student was randomly selected (using arandom number generator) for every 3 students enrolled in each class, leading to a subsample of187 students from an original sample of 587 students. Table 1 includes demographic data for theselected subsample, as well as the ET majors from within

Conference Session

Choice and Persistence in Engineering Education and Careers

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joanna Wolfe, Carnegie Mellon University; Beth A. Powell, Tennessee Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

pros to the practice, noting that it makes students question theircompetency, causes stress and frustration, and focuses student attention on the system rather thanon their own learning. Many participants equated the practice with teachers who do not careabout their students. More research is needed to understand how engineering faculty canencourage healthy competition, challenge students, and ward off grade inflation withoutengaging in practices that discourage otherwise successful students.1. Introduction We'll have like a 30 percent average [on exams]….When you take the exam, it makes you feel horrible. You come out of there like, “I answered a fifth of that right, at most.” It’s sort of like, “Well, gee, what did I

Conference Session

Engineering Student Experiences

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deborah Tihanyi, University of Toronto; Penny Kinnear, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, longitudinal study. As a result, we are not yet in aposition to extrapolate, responsibly draw firm conclusions or identify trends, nor can we identifyspecific curricular or pedagogical implications. What we can do at this stage is highlight some ofour initial findings that will inform the analysis of the rest of the data. In this paper, we focus onTéa,1 one of eleven participants, based on the artifacts collected to date, although reference willbe made to comments and work of other participants. We hope to show through this preliminaryanalysis how one student uses the experiences and opportunities provided both by the curriculumand this research project to develop a sense of professionalism and how to practice it as achemical engineer as she tries on

Conference Session

Measuring Impact: Libraries, Librarians, Instruction, and Institutions

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael J. White, Queen's University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

committee, etc.)  Academic rank  Link to library website  Position title  Links to course/subject guides  Liaison librarian role  Links to personal blog or website  Links to social networks4. Results and DiscussionTable 1 shows the librarian and library demographics for the profiles retrieved. In total, 147librarian profiles from 116 universities (108 American, 8 Canadian) were reviewed. The majorityof online profiles were found to be hosted on library websites (43 percent) and LibGuides (57percent). Launched in 2007, LibGuides has become an increasingly popular content

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Terry Allen Michmerhuizen, College of Aviation, Western Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

were last revised over 20 years ago. Theylag significantly behind the current aviation technology. The following quote from Raymond E.Thompson, Chair, ARAC Part 147 Working Group sums it up by saying: The CFR Part 147 training curriculum was approved in 1970. Minor revision of the curriculum took place in 1992. With the curriculum subjects and topics embedded with Part 147, curriculum change (i.e. rule change) is difficult and has occurred once in the 38 years since initial rule implementation. The Part 147 curriculum has not evolved to match fundamental changes in aircraft technology. (1)It should also be remembered that aviation regulations specify only minimum requirements, so atraining institution can always

Conference Session

Architectural Design Topics in Architectural Engineering

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Ann Frank, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Beth Huffman, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

technology; it does not address the qualities of lightdistribution that LED lamp manufacturers are designing into the latest products. For example,the newest omni-directional lamps such as the Osram Sylvania product shown in Figure 1 is Page 24.13.2appropriate as a traditional A-lamp retrofit by distributing light in a similar 360 pattern andproviding dimming capability. Earlier A-lamp replacement models such as the example in Figure2 distribute light from the upper portion of the bulb and are not dimmable.Figure 1 – Omni-directional LED lamp1 Figure 2 – LED A-lamp replacement1Other qualities continuously developed in LED A-lamp and