Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Anne Schmitz, Gannon University; Nicholas B Conklin, Gannon University; Quyen Aoh Aoh, Gannon University

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data that can be used to validate the models I build. Here at Gannon University, I will continue building computational models with a focus on the knee to optimize surgical techniques (e.g. ACL reconstruction) to restore normal function after injury. When I’m not doing research, I enjoy going swimming and playing my violin.Dr. Nicholas B Conklin, Gannon University Nicholas B. Conklin received a B.S. in applied physics from Grove City College in 2001, and a Ph.D. in physics from Penn State University in 2009. He is currently an associate professor and chair of the Physics Department at Gannon University, Erie, PA.Dr. Quyen Aoh Aoh, Gannon University Assistant Professor of Biology c

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Sasan Haghani, University of the District of Columbia; Mohammad Ali Rahimi, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey

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male and female end connectingone side to the wall outlet and the other for the load device. As the relay turns off, the system tooturns off. Figure 2: Component IntegrationII.C Software designThe software design portion consists of Part A which focuses on the microcontroller receivesdata outputted by the pins of the Kill-A-Watts LM2902 operational amplifier. Using a built inArduino function ‘analogRead’, an array is created for the high and low current, and voltagevalues. In part B, an average of these array values are taken and the RMS value is calculated forpower, current, and voltage. A. Value Measurement Teensy runs a toggle that is activated on the Rising and falling edge from Q3, the collector on

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Melanie Villatoro P.E., New York City College of Technology; Karla Karolin Peña, Student; Janet Liou-Mark, New York City College of Technology, CUNY

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, and the formation of mentor/mentee relationships. PLTL has been provento provide a greater sense of belonging for students that attend the workshops.11 It is believed thatthe creation of small learning communities between students affects them positively meaning theymight have a higher chance of getting a grade of A, B, C, or D.10 Students are able to master thematerial when they have PLTL sections, it allows them to retain the information because they wereactively engaged in solving the problem.12 Implementation of active learning through PLTL hasimproved retentions rates by 15%.13Peer-Led Team Learning in StaticsThe Construction Management and Civil Engineering Technology (CMCE) department offersassociate degrees in Civil Engineering

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Jose M Reyes Alamo, CUNY - New York City College of Technology

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learning to program. (2005). (Accessed: 20th February 2018)2. Rodrigo, M. M. T. & Baker, R. S. J. d. Coarse-grained Detection of Student Frustration in an Introductory Programming Course. in Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Computing Education Research Workshop 75–80 (ACM, 2009). doi:10.1145/1584322.15843323. Cheang, B., Kurnia, A., Lim, A. & Oon, W.-C. On automated grading of programming assignments in an academic institution. Comput. Educ. 41, 121–131 (2003).4. CodingBat Java. Available at: http://codingbat.com/java. (Accessed: 20th February 2018)5. Codecademy - learn to code, interactively, for free. Codecademy Available at: https://www.codecademy.com/. (Accessed: 19th February 2018)6. Programmr | Your

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2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Dilnesa T Nukuro, University of the District of Columbia ; Paul Cotae, University of the District of Columbia

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) b) Figure: 2 Nonmonotonicity of ALCC (i) Suppose there exists a triangle u, v, w in G. Then C (u) > 0, so C (G) > 0. For the converse, if C (G) > 0, there exists u ∈ V such that C (u) > 0. By definition of C (u), there exists a triangle u, v, w containing u. (ii) Suppose C (G) = 1. Then, for each u ∈ V, the subgraph induced by {u} ∪ N (u) is a clique, from which G is a clique or only separated cliques. The converse follows directly from the definition of C (G).Lemma 3. For any u ∈ V 2 ∑ ∈ | ∩N u | (3)Proof: For each neighbor v of u, the number of triangles that contain both u and v is |N(u)∩N(v)|.Since each

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2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Lisa L Greenwood, Rochester Institute of Technology; Jennifer Schneider, Rochester Institute of Technology (CAST); Maureen S. Valentine PE, Rochester Institute of Technology (CAST)

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new material. Assessment varied fromshort answer or multiple-choice questions to a large project, and was evaluated using a gradingrubric to generate a score for each portion of the work. Regardless of the method used, the goalwas to evaluate the student learning that was occurring in each piloted module. A standard wasset at achieving a grade of a B (80%) or better.In addition to our own evaluation of student learning as each module was piloted within courses,we also went a step further and engaged other interested faculty, both internal and external to ouruniversity. Those instructors that reviewed the drafted materials provided feedback on efficacyand usefulness within their own teaching lexicon. This was important, because we needed

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Alexander T Wray, Purdue University Northwest; Nuri Zeytinoglu P.E., Purdue University Northwest

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Paper ID #243582018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference: Washington, District ofColumbia Apr 6Identifying Boolean Logic Processes via the Basis of a NACA 2415 AirfoilAlexander T Wray, Purdue University Northwest Alexander Wray is a Masters-seeking Mechanical Engineer enrolled at Purdue University North Central. He conducts research into dynamic system modelling and CFD modal systems for the purpose of mod- elling arduous or complex systems. As well, he presents and assists with teaching projects to classes in Solid Mechanics, Thermodynamics, and Fluid Mechanics in undergraduate courses.Prof. Nuri Zeytinoglu P.E., Purdue

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2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

sunil Dehipawala, Queensborough Community College; Vazgen Shekoyan; Tak Cheung, CUNY Queensborough Community College

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changes in the parabola shape while thehorizontal distance versus time is always linear in shape. The causation of higher v0 for longerflight time can be deduced inductively after doing a few graphs. A deductive calculuspresentation of differentiating v0 with respect to flight time would belong to the academiclearning approach2, which is teaching time efficient for those students very familiar withcalculus. Every student is expected to be familiar with the quadratic equation solution in algebrathat time = P + Q*sqrt(-1) or P – Q*sqrt(-1) when b*b is less than 4*a*c given the a*x*x+ b*x +c = 0 format. The minimum initial velocity to reach ground from a depth of -120 m can bedemonstrated by extrapolation (about 48 m/s) on a graph of Q*Q versus

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Vazgen Shekoyan, Queensborough Community College, CUNY; sunil Dehipawala, Queensborough Community College; Tak Cheung, CUNY Queensborough Community College

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, description for the kinematics of throwing anobject upward to reach ground level when inside a well10. The (4ac - b*b) positive valuemeasures "missing ground level by how much" while b*b = 4ac is the bare minimum case toreach ground level with zero parabola vertex distance. The (b*b - 4ac) positive value measures"overdoing by how much" and points to a quantity that could be used to represent an excesseffort in the upward throw for reaching the ground level. Further analytical reasoningdevelopment in the (b*b – 4ac) term would lead to energy and work concepts after mass andforce were incorporated. The critical thinking for a specific purpose would be used to guide thelearning process. Examples such as a minimum speed to maintain a circular orbit, an

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Sasan Haghani, University of the District of Columbia; Dilnesa T Nukuro, University of the District of Columbia; Zerihun G Biru Biru

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Diversity

is displayed to a data analystat the base station.The main focus of the sensor nodes is size and efficiency. The sensor node consists of an ArduinoUno, a PIR Sensor, an Xbee module, a lithium ion battery for energy storage and a solar panel.The schematics of the hardware design are illustrated in Fig. 2. The sensor nodes which areillustrated in Fig. 2(a) and Fig. 2(b), respectively, consist of an PIR sensor that can detect motion,a preprogram Arduino Uno that will act as the processing unit, and an Xbee pro which will act asa transmitter and a receiver [4]. When objects move in front of the PIR sensor, the sensor will senda signal to the Arduino Uno [3]. The Arduino has been programed to receive signal from the PIRsensor. The Arduino will

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Baha Bachnak, The Pennsylvania State University; Nashwa Elaraby, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, The Capital College

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. 7References[1] B. Carroll, S. Gieser, and D. Levine, “A hierarchical project-based introduction to digital logic design course,” presented at the 121st ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition: 360 Degrees of Engineering Education, Indianapolis, IN, United states, 2014.[2] K. Yelamarthi and E. Drake, “A Flipped First-Year Digital Circuits Course for Engineering and Technology Students,” IEEE Transactions on Education, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 179–186, Aug. 2015.[3] J. Pang, “Active Learning in the Introduction to Digital Logic Design Laboratory Course,” p. 10, 2015.[4] D. Bañeres, R. Clarisó, J. Jorba, and M. Serra, “Experiences in Digital Circuit Design Courses: A Self-Study Platform for Learning Support,” IEEE Transactions on Learning

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Haiyan (Henry) H Zhang, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)

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. The composition of this virtual prototype began with the constructionof the 3D CAD model, including constructing (a) the framing of the vending system, (b) “PickerAssembly” for X-Y axis product acquisition, (c) “pusher assembly” for Z-axis product acquisition,(d) functional architecture, and (e) final assembly of product vending VP, respectively (as shownin Figure 2). Cost effectiveness and strength were paramount, and alloy steel was chosen for itscomposition. The extensive use of aluminum was chosen for these components because 6061-T6aluminum possesses high strength properties but also low weight. This was an importantconsideration for the shelving because higher weight would have put higher stress on the fastenersused to mount the shelves

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

David Timothy Lee, George Washington University; Carl E. Wick Sr., George Washington University; Hernan Figueroa

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these problems, we examined our existing course structure, compared it to the way fac-ulty typically approach design problems, and decided that adopting an industry acceptedagile planning approach—scrum 2 in particular—would be a worthwhile year-long capstoneexperiment. We felt that this methodology would force students out of their risk-averse“research until we know everything mode, and into a structured and supervised try–fail–fixmode used by innovative companies like Blue Origin.3 We were interested in implementingtwo agile principles within a scrum project management approach: a) prioritizing develop-ment of a working prototype over comprehensive documentation and b) encouraging studentresponses to challenges. Our impetus for selecting

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Wangling Yu, Purdue University Northwest (Merged with Calumet)

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). (a) (b) Figure 2. Pole-zero map and Nyquist diagram of rotary inverted pendulum system 2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Spring Conference, April 6-7, 2018 – University of the District of Columbia Figure 3. Bode diagram of rotary inverted pendulum systemControl System DevelopmentFrom the given mathematical modeling, the overall system could be converted into the blockdiagram representing the state-space model. In this model, the overall signal flowing could beshown clearly, and the input signal is consisted of two parts, the original step signal, which testsabout how the system reacts to a constant input, and the band-limited white noise signal, whichshows how the system reacts to constant

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Harold R Underwood, Messiah College

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) b) Figure 1: Telemetry system demo including a) local Tx (left)& remote Rx (right) units with b) magnified display unitMethods: Curricular, Course & Project ParametersThe Communications Systems (coms) course offered in the engineering department at MessiahCollege is a 3-credit course required for all students in the Electrical concentration. The comscourse has Electrical Devices as a prerequisite, which in turn requires Analog Electronics, CircuitsI & II. So, these students have been exposed to basic DC/AC analog & digital circuits, and circuitapplications including diodes, transistors and op amps such as amplifiers and filters. LinearSystems and Electromagnetics are recommended for coms but are not listed as required

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Yasser R Salem, University of the District of Columbia; Paul Cotae, University of the District of Columbia

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Paper ID #243652018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference: Washington, District ofColumbia Apr 6Analysis of the Low Rate of Denial of Service Attacks Detection by Using Sta-tistical Fisher MethodsMr. Yasser R Salem, University of the District of ColumbiaDr. Paul Cotae, University of the District of Columbia Dr. Paul Cotae,Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering has more than 25 years of experience in the communication field (research and education). He received a Dipl. Ing. and a M.S. degrees in com- munication and electronic engineering in 1980 from the Technical University of Iassy and a Ph.D. degree in

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Peng Li, East Carolina University

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Diversity

. Ghalsasi. "Cloud computing—The business perspective." Decision support systems 51, no. 1 (2011): 176-189. 3 B. Rimal, E. Choi, and I. Lumb. "A taxonomy and survey of cloud computing systems." In INC, IMS and IDC, 2009. NCM'09. Fifth International Joint Conference on, pp. 44-51. IEEE, 2009. 4 P. Mell, and T. Grance. "The NIST definition of cloud computing." (2011). [Online]. Available: https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-145/final. [Accessed March 9, 2018] 5 L. Leong, R. Bala, C. Lowery and D. Smith. "Magic quadrant for cloud infrastructure as a service, Worldwide" Gartner (2014). [Online]. Available: https://www.gartner.com/doc/reprints?id=1- 2G2O5FC&ct

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Christian Enmanuel Lopez, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Conrad Tucker, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

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datacaptured while they read the instructions for atask. The (i) Data Acquisition & FeatureExtraction, (ii) Model Building & Tuning, and(iii) Model Evaluation steps of the proposedmethod are illustrated in Fig. 2. For this work,students’ performance is assumed to be afunction of their task completion timemeasured in seconds. Students are classifiedbased on this performance as (i) “below” Figure 2. Outline of proposed methodaverage or (ii) “above” average. That is, if astudent i takes longer than the average of all student that performed that same task t, student i isclassified as A)“above”; otherwise is classified as B)“below”; for i ϵ set of students {I} and t ϵset of tasks {T}.2.1

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Rajarajan Subramanian, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, The Capital College

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following research question: How does the NE STEM 4Uprogram influence the (a) excitement, (b) curiosity/inquiry, and (c) understanding of STEMconcepts of elementary school participants? From this study, and the quantitative Dimensions ofSucess data, it was observed that the NE STEM 4U program within elementary schools was mosteffective in Space Utilization, Relationships, Materials, Organization, and Youth Voice (averagescores greater than 3.5). Scores were high (greater than 3) across most categories. The weakestobservation category was Relevance, though it still received an overall average score of 2.7.These results emphasize that NE STEM 4U is a highly effective STEM learning model for 2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Spring Conference, April 6-7, 2018

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Zoe Zyvith, Rutgers University; Mark Thomas Trevena, Rutgers University; Andrew Yong; Ryan Lamantia; Lana E Sharp, Rutgers University; Sasan Haghani, University of the District of Columbia

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General Hospital Gray Building. (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2017, from https://energy.gov/eere/buildings/healthcare-energy- massachusetts-general -hospital-gray-building12. Healthcare Energy-Use Monitoring. (n.d.). Retrieved November 5, 2017, from https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/6106413. McDonald, B. (n.d.). Geothermal Systems: What's the Difference Between a Closed Loop and Open Loop System? Retrieved December 11, 2017, from https://www.obhc.com/blog/geothermal-systems-whats-the-difference-between-a-closed- loop-and-open-loop-system14. Are You in the Loop? Open vs. Closed Loop Systems in Geothermal. (n.d.). Retrieved December 11, 2017, from http://www.geothermalgenius.org/blog/are-you-in-the-loop

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Paul Cotae, University of the District of Columbia; Luis P. Aguinaga, University of the Distric of Columbia

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and Mining 6 (2016): 1-14.2. Andrés Vázquez-Rodas , Luis J. de la Cruz Llopis “A centrality-based topology control protocol for wireless mesh Networks” Ad Hoc Networks Volume 24, Part B, January 2015, Pages 34-543. Terrill L. Frantz, Marcelo Cataldo, Kathleen M. Carley “Robustness of centrality measures under uncertainty: Examining the role of network topology” Published online: 15 December 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 20094. Komal Batool, Muaz A. Niazi ” Towards a Methodology for Validation of Centrality Measures in Complex Networks” PLoS ONE 9(4): e90283.doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.00902835. Klaus Wehmuth, Artur Ziviani “DACCER: Distributed Assessment of the Closeness Centrality Ranking in complex

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2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

sunil Dehipawala, Queensborough Community College; Pubudu Samarasekara; Khushpreet Kaur

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show typical Mossbauer spectra of iron film prepared by spin coating and sol-gel method respectively. The Mossbauer spectrum of samples prepared by spin coating can befitted with two Lorenzian doublets. This indicates presence of two different forms of iron. Theisomer shift,0.53 m/s relative to iron foil spectrum, and quadrupole splitting, 0.8 mm/s, of line Bagree with octahedrally co-ordinated Fe3+. However, line A shows very little isomer shift, 0.04mm/s relative to iron foil spectrum, and quadrupole splitting of 1.3 mm/s. The isomer shift ofline A is compatible with Fe0 but presence of quadrupole splitting indicates non-symettricelectron density at the site of iron nuclei. But the intensity of line A is significantly lowcompared to line B

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Yasser Salem, Cal Poly Pomona; Felipe J. Perez, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

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Paper ID #243212018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference: Washington, District ofColumbia Apr 6Seismic Retrofit of Non-Ductile Reinforced Concrete Dual Frame Buildingusing Fiber Composite JacketingDr. Yasser Salem, Cal Poly Pomona Yasser S. Salem is Associate Chair of Civil Engineering Department at California State Polytechnic Uni- versity Pomona (CPP); He is the Director of Assessment at the College of Engineering. He successfully oversaw the merge of the construction engineering program to the civil engineering department. He is a program evaluator at Accreditation Board for Engineering (ABET). He is a member of the

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Jeffrey L. Schwartz P.E., Queensborough Community College

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“Parallel Triples.” As a professor who gives lectures and creates laboratory assignments inelectronics fundamentals, I will now be able to use this research to create “unmessy” parallelresistor examples with standard values that, unlike the formula 6Ω || 3Ω = 2Ω , will not cause mystudents to assume that the parallel resistance formula can simply be replaced with division.References1 Evelyn B. Christensen, “Pythagorean Triples Served for Supper,” Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, Sept. 1997, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 60-62.2 Tony Atherton, “A History of Ohm’s Law,” Electronics and Power, June 1986, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 467-471.3 Aziz S. Inan, “What did Gustav Robert Kirchhoff

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

sunil Dehipawala, Queensborough Community College; Vazgen Shekoyan; Raul Armendariz, Queensborough Community College; Kimberly Anne Riegel; Rex Taibu; Tak Cheung

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Diversity

Paper ID #244042018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference: Washington, District ofColumbia Apr 6Developing an engineering mindset: teacher enrichment strategies employingproject-based learning in optics and cosmic ray studyDr. sunil Dehipawala, Queensborough Community College Sunil Dehipawala received his B.S. degree from University of Peradeniya in Sri Lanka and Ph.D from City University of New York. Currently, he is working as a faculty member at Queensborough Community College of CUNY.Prof. Vazgen Shekoyan Dr. Vazgen Shekoyan is a professor of physics and his experiences include pedagogy, CubeSat, etc.Dr. Raul

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Christopher Lawrence Norve, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Shankar Muthu Krishnan, Wentworth Institute of Technology

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University of Rhode Island with research work done at Rhode Island Hospital. Previously, he was an assistant di- rector at Massachusetts General Hospital (a teaching affiliate of Harvard Medical School) in Boston. He has also held faculty appointments in Illinois, Miami and Singapore. At NTU in Singapore, he was the founding director of the BME Research Center and the founding head of the Bioengineering division. He was the Principal Investigator for several Biomedical Engineering projects. He also worked in R&D at Coulter Electronics in Miami and in hospital design and operations management at Bechtel for healthcare megaprojects. He has served in the National Medical Research Council in Singapore. His research in

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Beth Carle, Rochester Institute of Technology (CAST); Jennifer Schneider, Rochester Institute of Technology; MICHAEL E LONG LONG, Rochester Institute of Technology

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chair in Applied Critical Thinking in Academic Affairs and a professor in the Civil Engineering Technology, Environmental Management & Safety within the College of Applied Science & Technology at RIT. She is responsible for leading the university wide effort to infuse applied critical thinking across the RIT student experience. In addition, she leads the RIT Collaboratory for Resiliency & Recovery, supporting the data to decision pipeline in emergency response and recovery, a local volunteer HAZMAT commander, and has been recognized for her work in situational awareness and decision-making.Dr. MICHAEL E LONG LONG, Rochester Institute of Technology Dr. Michael E. Long is a Research Analyst at the Rochester

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2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Rocio Alba-Flores, Georgia Southern University

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Education, 2018 Enhancing Engineering Lab Report Writing Using Peer Review Assessment Rocio Alba-Flores Georgia Southern UniversityAbstractThis paper describes the educational experiences gained by incorporating a peer review componentfor evaluating formal lab reports in a Circuit Analysis Laboratory course. In this course studentsperformed ten lab experiments, from which the instructor selected two to have individual formalwritten lab reports. The instructor dedicated about one hour at the beginning of the semester to talkabout peer review and its importance. The instructor together with all students performed a mockpeer review of

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Marcia Ford, Murray State University; Kevin T Perry AIA, Murray State University; Brian Giltner, Murray State University; Melanie McCallon Seib, Murray State University

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oppor- tunities for Murray State students.Prof. Kevin T Perry AIA, Murray State University Kevin Perry is a Registered Architect and Professional Engineer with over ten years of AEC experience in Kentucky and Tennessee. He is currently an Associate Professor of Engineering Technology at Mur- ray State University in the Department of Industrial and Engineering Technology and the Advisor for the AGC student chapter. He teaches courses in Sustainable Design, Reinforced Concrete Design, Structural Steel Design, Construction Materials and the Senior Design capstone course for students in Architectural Engineering Technology, Civil Engineering Technology and Construction Engineering Technology. His research interest

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Dugwon Seo, Queensborough Community College, City University of New York; Jeffrey L. Schwartz P.E., Queensborough Community College

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Diversity

number keeps rising.2 The increase of solar power users in spite ofthe relatively high upfront cost of solar photovoltaic (PV) module installation (for a single-familyhouse it runs between $20,000 and $50,000) is due to the high estimation of Return on Investment(ROI).3 However, most of ROI estimation neglects the functional decline of efficiency of powergeneration over time, also known as the degradation rate. As use of solar power is growing, theaccurate prediction of power delivery over time in PV modules is important. The total powerdelivery to the electric system with the same amount of solar radiation depends on both howefficiently a solar PV module converts sunlight into power and how this relationship changes overtime.There are three