Conference Session

FPD7 -- Service Learning

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bert Davy, Morgan State University; Indranil Goswami, Morgan State University; Jiang Li, Morgan State University; Gbekeloluwa Oguntimen, Morgan State University; Charles Oluokun, Morgan State University; Arcadio Sincero, Morgan State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Design for Civil Engineering Freshmen. Bert Davy, Indranil Goswami, Jiang Li, Gbekeloluwa Oguntimein, Charles Oluokun, Arcadio Sincero. Department of Civil Engineering, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251.AbstractA freshman design course - CEGR 105 Introduction to Civil Engineering - was designed anddelivered as part of the effort for ‘early introduction of design into the engineering curriculum’.The course is a second semester orientation course that follows a broader first semester coursecalled ORIE 104 Orientation to Engineering.With a team-teaching approach, members of the civil engineering faculty with varied

Conference Session

Venturing Out: Service Learning, Study Abroad, and Criterion H

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Ollis, North Carolina State University; Anthony Smith, CPE-LYON FRANCE

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

degree, at CPE. Page 13.1121.3Table 1INTERNATIONAL SUMMER SCHOOL IN FRANCEChemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lyon, France — 16June to 13 July, 2007__________________________________________________________________The ProgramWHAT IS THE CPE INTERNATIONAL SUMMER SCHOOL ?A five-week program organized by CPE Lyon engineering school that provides theopportunity for students to live and study in France, to develop language skills andexperience a different cultural environment, to meet students from all over the world,while at the same time taking an undergraduate practical course in chemistry and/orchemical engineering.WHO IS IT FOR ?Undergraduate students in

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Teaching Part Two

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephan Durham, University of Colorado at Denver; Micah Hale, University of Arkansas; Seamus Freyne, Manhattan College

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

. Laboratory experiments that examine the effects of water-to-cement ratio andcuring environment on concrete compressive strength reinforce topics discussed in class lectures.Teaching aids and laboratory experiments are an effective method of demonstrating importantconcepts. The methods discussed in this paper have shown to engage students in the learning ofstructural materials.IntroductionMany civil engineering curriculums require at least one course in construction materials. Theseclasses provide students with the basic knowledge and understanding of the production,properties, testing, and behavior of common structural materials. A large emphasis is placed onconcrete, steel, and wood due to their wide use and availability in the design and

Conference Session

Impact Student Success

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tokunbo Ogunfunmi, Santa Clara University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

], we presented some of our findings and recommendations to rectify the situationespecially regarding the number of minority graduate students in electrical engineering.Over the last year some of the recommendations have been implemented, thanks to a grant from theJames Irvine Foundation at Santa Clara University.In this paper, we report on the impact of some of the recommendations. The focus of our paper is onthe undergraduate student population and the impact of the recommendations on their initialexperience at our institution.We also give an overview of how our institution has developed and embraced many of therecommendations for implementation for engineering undergraduate minority students.The paper is divided into five sections. In

Conference Session

Assessing Design Course Work

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Oliver Platts-Mills, University of Virginia; Reid Bailey, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

relevantto industry, capstone design courses have become, during the last two decades, a standardcomponent in the final year of most undergraduate engineering curricula3, 2. While each Page 14.28.2capstone course is unique, most include teams of students under the direction of a projectadvisor working on a real (or at least "realistic") design project5. Teams typically submitwritten and oral deliverables and may also implement and test an actual design. Process-focused capstone courses can provide a stark contrast to many outcome-focusedengineering courses earlier in a curriculum in which the focus is more heavily weightedtowards theoretical analysis

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Audra Morse, Texas Tech

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

merit, whereas the responses questions 2, 4,5, 6, 12, 14, 15, and 16 assessed interpersonal rapport.Intellectual Merit. Figure 1 compares the teaching evaluations for three TAs teaching CE 3171during the Spring 2008 semester. To minimize variations in the information presented in thedifferent sections of CE 3171, the TAs were required to develop a nearly identical syllabus foreach section. The testing procedures were similar, course work requirements were similar andthe assignments were similar. Although the TAs work from similar board notes, the TAs wereencouraged to personalize the material they present. For example, all TAs were expected to askquestions but the questions were not scripted in the lesson notes

Conference Session

Computer Education Innovations

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Cochrane, University of Canterbury

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

, student numbers for each class inthe first 3 years surpass 160. Given these large numbers and a tight curriculum focused ontechnical material, lecturers are usually not able (or willing) to allocate lecture, tutorial, or labtime for individual students or even groups of students to deliver oral presentations. In the finalyear, students are supposed to have more opportunities to improve their professional skills;however, with some class numbers surpassing 75 students, it is becoming impractical to allocatetime for oral presentations of individual or group projects. In Advanced Hydrology, forexample, group project reports and oral presentations have traditionally been a highlight of thecourse. However, with last years class size of 78 students, 4

Conference Session

New Horizons in Academic Integrity

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Jordan, Baylor University; Bill Elmore, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

engineer in the state of Louisiana.Bill Elmore, Mississippi State University BILL ELMORE, Ph.D., P.E., is Associate Professor and Hunter Henry Chair, Mississippi State University. His teaching areas include the integrated freshman engineering and courses throughout the chemical engineering curriculum including unit operations laboratories and reactor design. His current research activities include engineering educational reform, enzyme-based catalytic reactions in micro-scale reactor systems, and bioengineering applied to renewable fuels and chemicals. Page 11.562.1© American Society for

Conference Session

Pre-college: Summer Experiences for Students and Teachers (2)

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dimitra Michalaka P.E., The Citadel; Robert J. Rabb P.E., The Citadel; Susan Marie Engelhardt, South Carolina Governor’s School for Science and Mathematics

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

course, camp,workshop, professional development, and other STEM related offerings. One of the programsoffers camp opportunities to rising 8th, 9th and 10th graders during a residential summer scienceexperience that last for a full week (>30 hours of learning activities). Camp courses vary fromadvanced 3-D printing and design to astrophysics, pre-med and others. This paper focuses on“The Tour of Engineering”, one of the camps offered every summer. The course is targetingrising 8th and 9th graders and introduces students to several engineering disciplines. This paperwill describe the course, how the course was executed, both quantitative and qualitative results ofstudent perceptions and learning outcomes and give recommendations for future

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fethiye Ozis P.E., Northern Arizona University; Meliksah Demir, Northern Arizona University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

responsibility for their own learning. Educators call this traditional method, “instructor-centered teaching.” In contrast, “learner-centered teaching” occurs when instructors focus on thelearner and authentic problems rather than on the structured analysis of the curriculum content(Blumberg 2008, Gunderman et al. 2003). If teacher’s primary focus is covering the content,students respond by memorizing the material with limited understanding. If the students are theones doing hard and messy work, then the understanding is deeper (Weimer, 2013). Learninginvolves active construction of meaning by the learner, who construct meaning by combining whatthey currently know with the new information that they are acquiring. Meaningful learning can befacilitated by

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wenbing Zhao, Cleveland State University; Xiongyi Liu, Cleveland State University; Chaomin Luo, University of Detroit Mercy; Xiong Luo, University of Science and Technology, Beijing, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Knowledge Engineering for Materials Science

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, Cleveland State University Xiongyi Liu is an Associate Professor in the Department of Curriculum and Foundations at Cleveland State University, USA. She obtained her Ph.D. in Educational Psychology from University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA. Her research interests include technology-facilitated teaching and learning, self-regulation, and assessment and evaluation. Her expertise in research methodology has led her to serve as evaluator of multiple federal and state funded projects for preparing students of various levels for career paths in Science, Technology, Engineering, and math (STEM). Dr. Liu has been actively involved in academic community by publishing in peer-reviewed journals such as Contemporary Educational

Conference Session

Engaging Students with Creativity and Innovation

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joanne Dera, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Davida Scharf, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Joseph J. Mercuri, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Raymond Patrick Vasquez, New Jersey Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

could best contribute to the performance of your students? ● Better outreach to faculty and students so students are aware of the many wonderful services available to them. ● Probably a lot but students don’t utilize librarians as resources. ● Intro Physics students don’t do reports. ● I don’t utilize the amazing resources at the library enough - would be wonderful to be more knowledgeable about what is available. ● Most students just consider the library as a convenient and quiet place in which to study, and have little interaction with the librarians or the books.81% of the students at NJIT are in STEM degrees/programs. Most of these students have limitedneed to seek out reference assistance due to curriculum

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division Technical Session 4 - Innovating Engineering Education through Industry and Community Partnerships, Maker Spaces, Competitions, Research Initiatives, and Experiential Education

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jeremy Straub, North Dakota State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative and Experiential Education

, no. 9, pp. 1525–1533, 2010.[14] N. Correll, R. Wing, and D. Coleman, “A One-Year Introductory Robotics Curriculum for Computer Science Upperclassmen,” Educ. IEEE Trans., vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 54–60, 2013.[15] M. Reynolds and R. Vince, “Critical management education and action-based learning: synergies and contradictions.,” Acad. Manag. Learn. Educ., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 442–456, 2004.[16] C. F. Siegel, “Introducing marketing students to business intelligence using project-based learning on the world wide web,” J. Mark. Educ., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 90–98, 2000.[17] R. C. Walters and T. Sirotiak, “Assessing the effect of project based learning on leadership abilities and communication skills,” in 47th ASC Annual

Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sevile Mannickarottu, University of Pennsylvania

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies

. This in turn stymies entrepreneurship and innovation where interdisciplinary work along withthe ability to quickly learn to use a tool or technique is critical. In this paper, I will demonstratehow our Bioengineering educational laboratory and website, along with its undergraduatelaboratory curriculum, promotes independent learning by students, encourages innovation, andhelps to create a sense of community. A survey, completed by approximately 70 recent users ofthe lab, from current seniors to recent alumni, will help to better understand student perceptionsof the lab.Background The University of Pennsylvania is an urban campus, next to the heart of Philadelphia.Unfortunately, being in a city makes space a limited and valuable commodity. An

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shahriar Shamsian, University of Southern California; Gisele Ragusa, University of Southern California; Jeffrey Miller, University of Southern California; Michael Shindler, University of Southern California

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

continuing with the same or new topic - Followed by students working together on a problem - A poll on the solution resultsFinally, managing very large classes is very time consuming and therefore it isimportant to have full support of the school and department to provide adequateresources such as instructors for discussion sessions, teaching assistants to work one onone with students on their issues, graders for the massive amounts of grading workinvolved, and a strong technical support team to help overcome the scalability issuesthat might be faced when using online classroom tools in class sizes for which theywere not originally designed.References 1. Heywood, J., (2005) Engineering Education: Research and Development in Curriculum and

Conference Session

Issues in Engineering Technolgy Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Terence Geyer, Eastern Washington University; William R Loendorf, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

has to be anotherway to meet this challenge. In conventional course occurrences, events like a midterm, final andassignments tend to overlap between classes, and can cause big spikes in student workload. Withan increased number of students in each class, students can also feel the pressure of increasedcompetition. These stresses’ on both faculty and students, negatively affect the positive outcomesdesired by both groups. This paper describes the formulation, design, and execution of twoplanning methods used to help balance the needs, workload, and time resources for both thefaculty and students in an Engineering curriculum. One approach compares weekly instructorworkload for the planning and delivery across three classes. Covering items from

Conference Session

Cooperative & Experiential Education Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nichole Ramirez, Purdue University; Joyce B. Main, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

the Sloan Foundation and his team received Best Paper awards from the Journal of Engineering Education in 2008 and 2011 and from the IEEE Transactions on Education in 2011. Dr. Ohland is Chair of the IEEE Curriculum and Pedagogy Committee and an ABET Program Evaluator for ASEE. He was the 2002–2006 President of Tau Beta Pi and is a Fellow of the ASEE and IEEE. Page 26.140.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Academic Outcomes of Cooperative Education ParticipationAbstractOutcomes and benefits of cooperative

Conference Session

Online Teaching

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carlotta A. Berry, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Paper ID #11534Teaching an Electrical Circuits Course OnlineDr. Carlotta A Berry, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Dr. Carlotta A Berry is an associate professor in the department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. She is the director of the multidisciplinary minor in robotics and co-director of the Rose building undergraduate diversity scholarship and professional development program. She has been the President of the Technical Editor Board for the ASEE Computers in Education Journal since 2012. She is a member of ASEE, IEEE, NSBE, and Eta Kappa Nu

Conference Session

Teaching and Learning Strategies II

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cyrus Habibi P.E., University of Wisconsin-Platteville; Annelise Shirley Roti Roti, University of Wisconsin - Platteville; Motahareh Alaei, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

they are used properly. • If instructors allow their students to use solution manuals, the students are less intimidated by problems and more motivated to use faculty office hours efficiently. • Solution manuals could potentially have damaging effects on student learning, if the student does not spend enough time to solve a problem. Therefore, the effective use of a solution manual should be taught in the class.The authors acknowledge that respondents in a survey on such a controversial topic have thepotential to be skewed. Further research of similar nature with larger focus groups should beconducted to negate any student biases present in surveys.References1. Habibi M., Ulseth R. Carlson M., “Developing

Conference Session

Graduate Recruitment and Retention

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andres Alejandro Herrera, University of Arkansas; Eric Specking, University of Arkansas; Richard Ham, University of Arkansas

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

transit safety, operations, equipment and technology, and other modal-specific security strategies and data-driven processes. He also developed, delivered, and approved curriculum for web-based, online, video, virtual and traditional classroom modalities for security, operations and leadership courses. Additionally, Dr. Ham was a key contributor to several studies on security gaps and staffing models. While serving as the Assistant Federal Security Director at Dallas Fort Worth International Airport, Dr. Ham managed the entire TSA regulatory program, including operational K9 units, at the agency’s fourth busiest airport. In this capacity, Dr. Ham also oversaw the merger of American and US Airways, forming the largest

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session - Assessment

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Sleep P.E., Oregon Institute of Technology; Yasha Rohwer, Oregon Tech

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

no surprise that the first canon of the American Society of CivilEngineers (ASCE) code of ethics reads “Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health andwelfare of the public and shall strive to comply with the principles of sustainable development inthe performance of their professional duties” [1] Of all the canons in the ASCE code of ethics,the first canon is clearly the most important. After all, the canon lists the moral obligation to holdthe safety, health, and welfare of the public paramount.The first canon is plausible because it rules out actions that are clearly immoral—like cuttingcorners in construction that would put personal profit over the health, safety, and welfare of thepublic. Another virtue of the first canon is that

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 9

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hadas Ritz, Cornell University; Meredith N. Silberstein, Cornell University; Nelly Andarawis-Puri, Cornell University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Paper ID #23177Uniaxial Tension Testing Lab: Fewer Instructions for Better Results?Dr. Hadas Ritz, Cornell University Hadas Ritz is a senior lecturer in the Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Cornell University. She teaches required and elective courses covering a wide range of topics in the undergraduate Mechanical Engineering curriculum. Her main teaching interests include solid mechanics and finite ele- ment analysis. Ritz was recognized with a 2013 Cornell College of Engineering Excellence in Teaching Award. She received her PhD in Mechanical Engineering from Cornell in 2008.Prof. Meredith N

Conference Session

Dynamic Pedagogies for Engineering Dynamics

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vincent C. Prantil, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Mark L. Nagurka, Marquette University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

Paper ID #23580Work in Progress: Connections Between First-Order and Second-Order Dy-namic Systems – Lessons in Limit BehaviorDr. Vincent C. Prantil, Milwaukee School of Engineering Dr. Vincent Prantil earned his BS, MS, and PhD degrees in Mechanical And Aerospace Engineering at Cornell University. He has worked as a senior member of technical staff in the Applied Mechanics and Materials Modeling Directorates at Sandia National Laboratories in Livermore, California where he was a co-recipient of the R&D100 Award for development of Microstructure-Property Model Software in 2000. He has published 31 peer-reviewed journal

Conference Session

Engineering Physics and Physics Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jessica Patricia Conry, Arkansas Tech University; Amber Harrington, Arkansas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics and Physics

(ANSAC) and Engineering Accreditation Commission (EAC),respectively. These programs follow an “Introduce, Reinforce, Master” curriculum map as partof the assessment plan where each student learning outcome (SLO) is assessed in at least threecourses of different levels, so that each SLO is assessed at each of the three levels (introduced,reinforced, and mastered). We seek to effectively assess, at the introductory level, the proposedANSAC SLO (5) and the new EAC SLO (4) with a series of case studies and a rubric in ourintroductory physics course. There are two primary difference between the SLOs from the twocommissions. Firstly, the EAC requires that the students recognize while the ANSAC requiresthat the students understand ethical and

Conference Session

Ensuring Access to K - 12 Engineering Programs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benita Comeau, Georgia Institute of Technology; Marion Usselman, Georgia Institute of Technology; Donna Llewellyn, Georgia Institute of Technology; Michael Pastirik

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

of Above actions & school must undergo outside Improvement- Year 3 corrective actions which may include replacing staff or implementing new curriculum 5 In Need of Above actions & school must undergo re- Improvement- Year 4 structuring which may include change in governanceTable 1: In Need of Improvement program for schools failing to meet AYP 3 In the state of Georgia, there are three objectives which must be met to achieve AYP.There must be 95% participation in the statewide tests, the achievement on the tests

Conference Session

Emerging Computing and Information Technologies

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raymond A. Hansen, Purdue University; Tomasz Wiktor Wlodarczyk, University of Stavanger; Thomas J. Hacker, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

programs today lacksfocused intended learning outcomes built on the use of current technology and is not coherentlymapped into teaching/learning activities and assessment tasks. Perhaps one of the biggestchallenges for creating Big Data and Data Intensive Systems curricula is to define coherent andstable learning objectives in a highly dynamic field. One of the reasons that courses offered atdifferent institutions are not clear in this regard is because they are anchored deeply in thedetailed research areas of lecturers, as opposed to industry needs. While this may not be bad inprinciple for an advanced course, a significant shared curriculum is necessary to facilitateknowledge transfer and increase quality of education for an introductory

Conference Session

Trends in Engineering Economy

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Jon Juneau; Kant Vajpayee; Eyler Coates

Session 1139 Introducing Engineering Economy Students to Real Options Eyler R. Coates, S. Kant Vajpayee, Jon Juneau University of Southern Mississippi/Engineering Consultant Box 5137, Hattiesburg, MS 39406AbstractEngineering economy has been a core requirement in engineering curriculums for many years.The traditional engineering economy courses only include problems with all deterministic inputs,even though deterministic data seldom occur in business. Also, traditional net present valuemethods make no allowance for flexibility by management and assume a static

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lulu Sun, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach; Matthew Kindy, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach; Caroline Liron, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach; Christopher D. Grant, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach; Shirley Anne Waterhouse, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

for a person truly familiar with anoperating system. Our analysis of this survey suggests that students are “comfortable” withusing the computer for simple tasks - typically involving the web browser - but are not ascapable as they might believe. So, when the course requires the use of new tools such asBlackboard, ZIP files, or Citrix applications such as Network File Access, the instructors end upteaching much more than the curriculum of the course because students have never observedthese tools in use, let alone applied them personally.With respect to programming familiarity, surprisingly 44% of students believe they haveprogrammed in some fashion. The level of programming might just be a calculator program, butthis is a nice beginning for

Conference Session

Exemplary Outreach Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kimberly Edginton Bigelow, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

+3 A Girl Scout or Boy Scout Troop +2 A small group of people (at least 2) +1 An individualYou’ll be presenting… +2 Independently +1 With at least one other class memberNumber of Activities Presented +3 At least three activities +2 Two activities +1 One activityType of Activity +2 For each activity you found/developed on your own +1 For

Conference Session

Problem- Project- and Case-Based Learning in Environmental Engineering

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Jason Hill, University of Southern Indiana; Zane W. Mitchell Jr., University of Southern Indiana

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

• Filter media: anthracite coal, sand, and gravel • Filter materials: 3 ft section of cylindrical pipe and perforated cap Students constructed granular filters and developed flexible chemical dosing schemesprior to the competition. Design variables also included jar test operational parameters (mixingtime and speed). A flexible treatment scheme was necessary since the quality of the water to betreated (turbidity, pH, etc.) was not known ahead of time. On the day of the competition, eachteam was provided with 35 L of raw water and required to produce 6 L of treated water. Eachteam was scored based on the quality of the treated water, efficiency of treatment (teamwork),experimental techniques, response to questions by the instructor, and