Conference Session

New Approaches in Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Audrey Lynn LaVallie, Turtle Mountain Community College; Eric Asa, North Dakota State University; G. Padmanabhan P.E., North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

degree in Civil and Envi- ronmental Degree from the University of Alberta. His research interests are the application of spatial statistical, computational and intelligent algorithms to civil/construction engineering problems, sustain- able construction and infrastructure and STEM education of minorities.Dr. G. Padmanabhan P.E., North Dakota State University G. Padmanabhan, Ph. D., P.E., M. ASEE, F. ASCE is a professor of civil engineering at North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota. He is a long standing member of ASEE. He also serves as the Director of North Dakota Water Resources Research Institute. He has been active in STEM education outreach activities to Native American students at the college and

Conference Session

Capstone Design

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Schmaltz, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

andMechanical Engineering starting in 2000, graduating initial cohorts in 2004. The threeprograms are now stable and mature, have been successfully evaluated twice by theEngineering Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engineering andTechnology (EAC of ABET)1, and have graduated 400 students with baccalaureate degreesas of May 2012. The defining emphasis of the WKU Department of Engineering is todeliver undergraduate, project-based learning engineering programs so that2: … Western Kentucky University engineering students master engineering by working on projects. From the very beginning of our programs, WKU Engineering has embraced project- based learning as our primary approach to engaged deep learning

Conference Session

Practical Teaching

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lam F. Wong, Cuyahoga Community College, Metropolitan; Henry Griffith, Wright State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

improvement upon the primitive design-build-test sequence. Thesustainable product development leadership framework is generated by expanding the triplebottom line concept into seven core principles which form a sustainability vision for inspiringcompanies. The seven principles are – 1) Purpose, 2) Policy, 3) Process, 4) People, 5) Planet, 6)Product, and 7) Profit. Additionally, the paper discusses a strategy for implementing sustainableproduct development into engineering technology programs. The proposed strategy will relyupon an integrated learning pedagogy, in which the concepts are introduced in a technologyorientation course and reinforced in a capstone product development course. Learning outcomeassessment of this effort should guide the next

Conference Session

Energy, the Environment, and Nano Technology

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julanne K. McCulley, Weber State University; Dustin Scott Birch, Weber State University; Megumi Usui Leatherbury, Weber State University; Kelly A. Harward, Weber State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

also serves as the Chairman of the Board of the Utah Partnership for Education. He is a member of the American Insti- tute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) and American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE). Birch has nearly 20 years of experience in detail design, engineering, and engineering management in the aerospace and process equipment industries.Megumi Usui Leatherbury, Weber State University Megumi U. Leatherbury possesses a master’s in technology from Purdue University, a bachelor’s of sci- ence degree in computer design graphics technology from Weber State University. Leatherbury is an Assistant Professor for the Design Graphics Engineering Technology program in the Engineering Tech- nology

Conference Session

Technological Literacy and the Educated Person

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Heywood, Trinity College Dublin

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

ourselves to be ranging freely, when we not only learn something,but when we also refer it to what we know before.”13 This would seem to be consistent Page 15.491.4with that present-day view of learning that it is the process by which experiencedevelops new and reorganizes old responses.14 This is clearly what happens or shouldhappen within courses. Without it there could be no development or movement withina course but demonstrating that knowledge has been acquired is no guarantee thatthere has been enlargement.Implications for the curriculumNewman considered that all “[…] the branches knowledge are, at least implicitly thesubject matter” of the university

Conference Session

Program Level Assessment

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Constantin Chassapis; Hamid Hadim; Kishore Pochiraju; George Korfiatis; Keith Sheppard; David Vaccari

knowledge of contemporary issues in Outcome 11 j Mechanical Engineering and related fields. (Lifelong learning) a recognition of the need for and an ability to Outcome 12 i engage in lifelong learning and development. (Entrepreneurship) a fundamental knowledge and an appreciation of Outcome 13 the technology and business processes necessary to nurture new -- technologies from concept to commercialization

Conference Session

Basic Concepts in Entrepreneurship

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barbara A. Karanian Ph.D., Stanford University; Mona Eskandari, Stanford University; Jackie Liao, Stanford University; Zubair Ahmed

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

.Scholarship has contributed to our understanding of cultural factors and the regional advantagesof Silicon Valley have contributed for breakthrough impact9, 10. Furthermore, while extensiveobservation of formal small group learning of design teams in large classes includes storytellingcomponents for innovations in lectures, it is unique to consider storytelling through a limited Page 23.13.4scope and focus on the first moments of storytelling. Picture this scene: A diverse group of twenty-something and thirty-year olds are sittingaround a long seminar table in a working session where everyone tells their story and the mostengaging story wins

Conference Session

Architectural Engineering Division (ARCHE) Technical Session 2

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexander Campbell, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural Engineering Division (ARCHE)

is thatmost structural engineers and engineering students do not have formal training in coding or softwaredevelopment. Therefore, there does not appear to be a clear path on how AI can be quickly adoptedfor the general use of a structural engineer or engineering student. For this reason, we seek todiscover if the use of AI Chatbots could potentially be used as a gateway for the use of AI instructural engineering.An AI Chatbot is a computer program that simulates human conversation with an end user [3].Although not all Chatbots use AI, this paper will consider Chatbots that are equipped withconversational AI techniques that allow them to understand the user’s questions and automateresponses to them. There are many free versions of AI

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Potpourri I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hyun Kyoung Ro, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

specific disciplines12. In his social learning theory 12,he proposed the concept of self-efficacy, which is defined as an individual’s own perception ofhis or her ability to carry out the necessary actions to achieve a certain outcome13. For example,a student may have high ability in mathematics and science, but without self-efficacy, her careeror graduate school choice may exclude engineering fields. Using Bandura’s self-efficacytheories, Wang & Staver14 and Wei-Cheng15 found that career aspirations and interest inengineering disciplines during college seems to have an impact on persistence in engineeringprofession. Additional research, however, is needed to understand how engineering undergraduates

Conference Session

EM Skills and Real-World Concepts, Pt. 1

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Elise Barrella; Keith Buffinton

Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright  2004, American Society for Engineering Educationsaid for management majors – a well-rounded education both inside and outside of the classroomis necessary to succeed in a technology-infused business world. Any career involves the life-long learning and application of not only technical skills and theoretical knowledge, but also“people skills,” written and oral communication skills, and teambuilding skills.Colleges and universities strive to prepare graduates for the demands of a technology-infusedbusiness world where familiarity with both engineering and management skills is necessary.In recent years, institutions of higher learning have made changes in

Conference Session

Assessment in Large and Small Programs

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Dana Knox

necessary basic knowledge of chemical engineering.4. Students will gain familiarity with chemical engineering equipment and experience in the solution of chemical engineering problems.5. Students will develop their critical-thinking and communication skills through repeated and in-depth practice.6. Students will acquire and practice the computer skills necessary for modern engineering practice.7. Students will acquire both leadership and teamwork skills.8. Students will develop an awareness of environmental, safety and pollution prevention issues and be trained to consider them as being an integral part of engineering.9. Students will be able to listen with comprehension and to write and speak confidently.10. Students will learn how to

Collection

2024 ASEE North Central Section Conference

Authors

Omar Ahmed Al-Shebeeb, West Virginia University; Thomas Guy Azinger, West Virginia University

in a unique settingoffered by laboratories. Groover (2018) states that "Laboratories are instrumental in impartinghands-on experience, allowing individuals to understand the nuances of manufacturing processesbeyond theoretical concepts." Students can develop a comprehensive understanding ofproduction techniques by learning about material qualities, process parameters, and real-worlddifficulties in a manufacturing processes lab.The quick development of technology means that production procedures are always changing.The lab transforms into a dynamic environment for investigating and testing state-of-the-artmethods including smart manufacturing, sophisticated machining, and additive manufacturing.Cagliano & Spina (2000) have emphasized that

Conference Session

Teaching and Pedagogy Issues in Graduate Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Shaurette, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Randy R. Rapp, Purdue Building Construction Management Dept.

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

writing. In addition, adescription is provided of the Purdue Department of Building Construction Management’sexperience with graduate student writing and the introduction of required writing courses as partof the MS plan of study. Both student feedback and preliminary test results are presented asevidence of the successes and shortcomings that have accrued from introducing writing guidancein the plan of study.IntroductionDuring the 2006-2007 academic year the Purdue University Department of BuildingConstruction management (BCM) introduced a MS degree in construction managementdelivered through a distance learning platform. This BCM distance MS program was the result ofsupport from the Associated General Contractors (AGC) of America, a national

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods (ERM) Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jay McCormack, University of Idaho; Ashley Ater Kranov, ABET; Steven W. Beyerlein, University of Idaho, Moscow; Patrick D. Pedrow P.E., Washington State University; Edwin R. Schmeckpeper, Norwich University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. Patrick D. Pedrow received the B.S. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Idaho, Moscow, in 1975. He earned his Master’s of Engineering degree in Electric Power Engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy, NY, in 1976. He received his M.S. degree in Physics from Marquette Uni- versity in Milwaukee, WI, in 1981, and his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Cornell University in Ithaca, NY in 1985. From 1976 to 1981, he was with McGraw-Edison Company, where he conducted research and development on electric power circuit breakers. He is currently an associate professor with Washington State University in the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. His re- search interests are in

Conference Session

Programs in Support of Systems Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael C Smith, University of Virginia; Barry Horowitz, University of Virginia; Thomas S. Brett, Dept of Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

,#veterans#retain#a#substantial#portion#of#their#benefit#eligibility#for#future#education#or#for#use#by#eligible#dependents.##The#program#was#designed#with#the#following#guidelines#in#mind:## • Qualified#veterans#with#undergraduate#degrees#in#nonFtechnical#areas#can#enter#the# degree#program#after#successfully#completing#articulation#courses#that#are# integrated#into#the#curriculum#and#program#schedule.#Applicants#need#not#have#an# undergraduate#degree#in#engineering#or#science#to#apply#to#the#program.# • #The#academic#program#is#integrated#with#a#professional#practice#and#research# experience#to#ensure#that#degree#recipients#have#ample#opportunity#to#apply#what# they#learn#in#realistic#settings.#The#focus#of#the

Collection

2010 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Richard Devon; Kathryn Jablokow

rigid. Fricke12 reportsthat a “flexible-methodical procedure” is the best option, in which successful designers askquestions that explore the structure of the problem, search actively for information, criticallycheck and prioritize requirements, and return to clarifying the problem when first solutionconcepts fail, rather than pursuing those early concepts in depth.Atman, et al., studied design maturation in students and found that seniors design with less timespent on problem development and more time on solution development (developing alternatives)than first year students do.3 This apparent counter example to our claims seems to indicate thatstressing solution development over problem development is learned behavior. The authors evenrefer to

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 10

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas A. Baine, Grand Valley State University; Karl Brakora, Grand Valley State University; Christopher P. Pung P.E., Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

. Christopher P. Pung P.E., Grand Valley State University Dr. Pung has interests in experiential learning, design processes and student teams. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Evaluating ABET Student Outcome (3) in a Multidisciplinary Capstone Project SequenceAbstractIn 2017, ABET published a revised list of student outcomes detailed under ABET GeneralCriterion 3, which replaced outcomes (a) through (k) with outcomes (1) through (7). The revisedstudent outcomes place greater emphasis on measuring students’ ability to consider a wide rangeof factors in engineering situations and to be able to communicate and work with a wider range ofstakeholders. Outcome (3) is

Conference Session

Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY) Technical Session 13

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Slaton, Drexel University; Kayla R. Maxey, Purdue University, West Lafayette ; Monica McGill, CSEdResearch.org; Jordan Williamson

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

Paper ID #37088A Critical Examination of ASEE’s Diversity Recognition Program toPromote Changed Practices at PostSecondary InstitutionsProf. Amy Slaton, Drexel University Amy E. Slaton is a Professor of History at Drexel University. She writes on issues of identity in STEM education and labor, and is the author of Race, Rigor and Selectivity in U.S. Engineering: The History of an Occupational Color Line .Mrs. Kayla R. Maxey, Purdue University, West Lafayette Kayla is a doctoral student in the School of Engineering Education at Purdue University. Her research interest includes the influence of informal engineering learning

Conference Session

EMD Technical Session 3: Measuring Engineering Management

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jena Asgarpoor, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Neal Lewis, University of Nebraska - Lincoln

University for 26 years, where in 1994 as part of her teaching portfolio she developed and taught the first fully online asynchronous web-based course offered by that institution. Her interests lie engineering management, quality management, pedagogy, and assessment of teaching and learning particularly in the online space. She is active in the American Society for Engineering Management (ASEM) and the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE). In recent years she has served as Secretary, President, and Past-President of the Council of Engineering Management Academic Leaders (CEMAL) and is currently serving as Treasurer and Co-Program Chair for the Engineering Management Division (EMD), and Outreach Liaison for the

Conference Session

Research Frameworks for Identity and Equity: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 9

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Riley, Oregon Institute of Technology; Franny Howes, Oregon Institute of Technology; Yasha Rohwer, Oregon Institute of Technology

English, the third person singularpronoun is very often gendered (he/him/his/himself, she/her/hers/herself).As linguist Kirby Conrod has noted, human brains mostly tune out functional words to focus onmeaning [11]. To be good at noticing pronouns and using them correctly, one must learn thehabit of noticing the invisibilized connectors of language. This is a skill acquired by others whowork precisely with language and picked up on the fly by people for whom pronouns are orbecome key to living their gender, as with TGNC people. Conrod notes the latter category ofpeople are probably even better than (cisgender) linguists at noticing pronouns because they haveto--they can't turn it off.The Ethics Case Study GenreSimple hypothetical cases are

Collection

2023 Rocky Mountain Section Conference

Authors

Angela Bielefeldt; Joan Tisdale; Katherine Ramos; Mike Soltys

consistency (learning objectives, main course deliverables)while also allowing individual instructors autonomy over the design project themes and thedetails of course management. Each section of the course was capped at 30 students, but aninstructor could opt to let in a couple of extra students from the waitlist. Students typically workin teams with five students on both an introductory project (somewhat constrained) and a mainproject (very open-ended). The course teaches students an array of technical skills (design,hands-on manufacturing, circuits, Arduino) and professional skills (teamwork, communication).Each section of the course has two undergraduate course assistants who have previously takenthe course. There is also significant support from

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Technical Session 1: Library Services

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Qianjin Zhang, The University of Iowa; Kari Kozak, The University of Iowa; James Cox, The University of Iowa; Sara Scheib, The University of Iowa; Wendy Robertson, The University of Iowa; Amanda Bartel, The University of Iowa

within the departments and research centers in the College of Engineering as well as the Department of Computer Science. Kari's area of interests include outreach, instruction, innovation and design. She is available to teach classes on library resources and consult on issues including standards, patents, evaluating information and other information literacy concepts, copyright, and the Creative Space and Tool Library.Sara Scheib Sara is the Director of the Scholarly Impact unit at the University Libraries and works to support researchers and scholars in all stages of their careers and across disciplines in navigating the scholarly publishing landscape and maximizing the impact of their work.James M Cox James M

Conference Session

Sociotechnical Thinking I: Classroom Experiences, Identity, and Theory

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Elizabeth A. Reddy, Colorado School of Mines; Shannon Davies Mancus, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

any particularlyprivileged position in relation to matters of meaning, information, and cognition” [29]. Though ithas generally come to refer to virtual or computer- related activities, Norbert Wiener, who firstcoined the term cybernetics [30], simply used it to refer to systems governance. It offered then,and still offers today, a powerful set of tools for thinking through interaction, influence, andorder—which made it a way of describing ecological interaction as well as machine action. Inthe words of anthropologist Gregory Bateson, who brought cybernetic theory to bear on hiswork: "The basic rule of systems theory is that, if you want to understand some phenomenon orappearance, you must consider that phenomenon within the context of all

Conference Session

New Directions for Engineering Technology

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Yury Alexandrovich Kuleshov, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Emily Rada, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Anne M. Lucietto, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

active learning style which engages and develops practical skills in the students. Currently she is exploring the performance and attributes of engineering technology students and using that knowledge to engage them in their studies. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Minority Graduates in Engineering Technology – Trends in Choice of MajorAbstractThe paper presents a demographic analysis of college graduates in engineering technology (ET).The paper intends to investigate the graduates’ background, population, and choice of major.Graduates in ET are a much smaller population than those found in other Science

Conference Session

Student Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Andrew H. Phillips, The Ohio State University; Krista M. Kecskemety, The Ohio State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Student

Paper ID #34540Paper: A Review of Personality Type Theory in STEM Education andImplications for First-Year Engineering Teaching AssistantsAndrew H. Phillips, The Ohio State University Andrew Phillips graduated summa cum laude from The Ohio State University in May 2016 with a B.S. in Electrical and Computer Engineering and with Honors Research Distinction and again in December 2018 with an M.S. in Electrical and Computer Engineering. He is currently pursuing a Ph.D. in Engineering Education at The Ohio State University. His engineering education interests include teaching assistants, first-year engineering, systematic

Conference Session

Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 11

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Thomas Neil Dempsey, Forestville Central School; M. Raymond Ng, Cathedral Preparatory School ; Zachary Rhodes; Jiawei Gong, Pennsylvania State University; Faisal Aqlan, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

Paper ID #31181Teaching Science Using Dye-sensitized Solar Cells KitMr. Thomas Neil Dempsey, Forestville Central School High School Math and Engineering Teacher for 26 yearsMr. M. Raymond Ng, Cathedral Preparatory School Mr. M. Raymond Ng graduated with a Master of Arts from Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas and a Bachelor of Science from Edinboro University of Pennsylvania. He has been on the faculty of Cathedral Preparatory School since 2009. Mr. Ng’s teaching assignments include Introduction to Computer Programming, Introduction to Robotics, Exploratory Engineering, 3D Printing and Modeling, Computer

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Technical Session 20

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Joseph O. Arumala PE, University of Maryland Eastern Shore; Joseph Nii Dodu Dodoo, University of Maryland Eastern Shore

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

to pursue careers in transportation, The National Summer TransportationInstitute California State University, Los Angeles High School Program offers a no cost program,designed to help participants with their educational and career decisions and is offered by theCollege of Engineering, Computer Science, and Technology at Cal State LA, The MinetaTransportation Institute, Summer Transportation Institute for high school students who live in theSan Jose, California area, the Vermont Tech National Summer Transportation Institute (NSTI)which is a free program held on a college campus in Vermont for students entering 10th, 11th, or12th grades, as well as a day-camp for middle school students, the Delaware State UniversitySummer Transportation

Collection

2020 Gulf Southwest Section Conference

Authors

Randall Manteufel; Amir Karimi; Pranav Bhounsule

and have been used by students to copy homework solutions sothat faculty have changed how they assign, collect and grade homework.4 The use of Chegg tocomplete homework has encouraged departments to recommend relatively low weights tohomework5,6. Some students have a blurred idea of what is academic dishonesty, especially onhomework7. In many places, homework is not a substantial part of the grade so it is acceptable toreceive online help on homework.8 Some instructors avoid traditional homework and use projects toassess student learning, yet it appears the online tutors are available to not only solve problems butwrite papers and laboratory reports. There appears to be a growing market for online tutoring servicesto help students solve

Conference Session

CoNECD Session : Day 2 Slot 8 Technical Session 2

Collection

2021 CoNECD

Authors

Kimberly Young-McLear, U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Sharon Zelmanowitz P.E., U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Royce Warner James Ph.D., United States Coast Guard Academy/Air Force Institute of Technology; Dani Brunswick, U.S. Coast Guard; Thomas W. DeNucci, U.S. Coast Guard Academy

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

, Senior Capstone Design, Introduction to Computing, Crisis Mapping & Cy- bernetics, and Cybersecurity Risk Management. She has been instrumental in enhancing the inclusion of cybersecurity training and education program at the Academy for cadets and faculty. She has also been active in leveraging partnerships with the Department of Homeland Security, and Coast Guard C4IT, acquisitions, engineering, enterprise management, and research and development communities. LCDR Young-McLear has been instrumental in advancing the Coast Guard through STEM. She was selected as the 2017 Capt. Niels P. Thomsen Innovation Award for Cultural Change for her research in leveraging so- cial media for large-scale disaster response

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Tuesday 5-Minute Work-in-Progress Postcard Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Petra Bonfert-Taylor, Dartmouth College; Vicki V. May, Dartmouth College; Holly Wilkinson P.E., Dartmouth College; Alicia Betsinger, Dartmouth College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Students Through Support and EngagementIntroductionWith the continued demand for a highly skilled and diverse engineering workforce the problemof understanding factors that influence retention in engineering remains significant. Becoming anengineering major requires students to spend considerable amounts of time and effort building uptheir knowledge base in mathematics, physics, chemistry and computation. As a result, manystudents at the Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College do not take actualengineering classes until their sophomore year. Based on campus data, the majority of ourstudents who switch out of engineering do so after poor performance in a prerequisitemathematics or science course in their first year