Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division: Pre-college Student Experiences

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emily Gwen Blosser, Louisiana State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

a better fit.33-35 Universities now offer an array of activities, majors, andexperiences that are gender-typed, and therefore the possibility, and perhaps, now theexpectations are greater, that individuals will follow a gender normative path.34 Beliefsystems about gender combined with certain social contexts are important in shaping thepathways individuals take. Indeed, it is surprising to note, in many authoritarian and lesseconomically developed countries, women are actually more likely to enter a math andscience career than in the United States. It seems that the choices young people maketowards careers in the United States are in many ways the result of structural, cultural,and economic forces that celebrate gendered selves and allow

Conference Session

Teaching & Learning Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Lee, Arizona State University; Haolin Zhu, Arizona State University; James A Middleton, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

discussion and support from peers, which may not occur ina TC setting. Students may not have an easy way to communicate or develop strong relationshipswith their peers if they live off campus. Typically, there is minimal interaction during a lecture.However, in this specific FC method, students are encouraged to interact and discuss concepts.With respect to the 90% confidence level chosen, 10% of the significant variables may be subjectto a Type 1 error. In this study, 10% is approximately 2 of the 18 variables. In this case, 16variables would still be significant, which does not detract highly from the significance of thisstudy.Qualitative Survey ResultsThese quantitative results are further supported by the qualitative results. Of the 63

Conference Session

Professional and Regulatory Issues in Ethics

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Graeme W Troxell, Colorado State University; Wade O. Troxell, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1374

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

eight years. Dr. Troxell received his BS, MS and Ph.D. degrees in engineering from CSU. He was a NATO Post Doctoral Fellow at the University of Edinburgh. He has been on the faculty in the Department of Mechan- ical Engineering since 1985. Dr. Troxell is a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). Dr. Troxell is an internationally recognized expert in the areas of intelligent robotics and intelligent control of distributed infrastructure systems. His smart grid research has focused on intelligent systems and the integration of the distributed energy resources (DER), including renewable energy and storage, into the electric power grid. He has conducted educational, research and outreach

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zahrasadat Alavi, California State University, Chico; Arash Kialashaki, California State University, Chico

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

University of Wisconsin Milwaukee (UWM) in Electrical Engineering in 2012. She was an Assistant Professor at the Electrical and Instrumentation Department of Los Medanos College during 2016-2017 academic year. She was an Adjunct Faculty at San Francisco State University and Diablo Valley College during 2015-2016 academic year, and an instructor at UWM from January 2014 until May 2015. She has taught Control Systems Design course several times, and has adopted different methods of teaching in her classes. She is a member of IEEE, and has several publications in IEEE and peer reviewed journals. Her primary research interests include nonlinear control, adaptive control, and robust control, and simulation of linear and

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 11

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward James Diehl P.E., University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

necessarilyenjoyable, and students responded with interest and positive feedback. The challenge ofimagining a single image that conveys the central idea of each topic or expresses distinctionswithin concepts provided an opportunity for instructor creativity. With each new cartoon andnew challenge, the author grew more enthusiastic about the potential benefits of using cartoonsin these engineering courses.The purpose of this paper is to share the author’s experience using cartoons in engineeringclasses. Also presented here is the approach to developing the characters, examples ofinspiration for cartoons that capture topics, and the technique for turning pencil sketches intocolor cartoon images via free and common software. It is hoped that this information

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering in the Junior and Senior Year

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jeffrey Stransky, Rowan University; Landon Bassett, University of Connecticut; Daniel D. Anastasio, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Matthew Cooper, North Carolina State University; Daniel D. Burkey, University of Connecticut; Cheryl A Bodnar, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

the engineering curriculum. In particular, she is interested in the impact that these tools can have on stu- dent perception of the classroom environment, motivation and learning outcomes. She was selected to participate in the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) Frontiers of Engineering Education Sympo- sium in 2013, awarded the American Society for Engineering Education Educational Research Methods Faculty Apprentice Award in 2014 and the Raymond W. Fahien Award for Outstanding Teaching Effec- tiveness and Educational Scholarship presented by American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Chemical Engineering Division in 2017. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brandon Hathaway, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Ashley Bernal, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Cory Edds, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Neil Miller, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Richard Layton, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; David Fisher, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Howard McLean, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Patrick Ferro, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

by Marathon-Ashland Petroleum upon graduation.Neil Miller, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Neil Miller is a senior Mechanical Engineering student at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. Neil will graduate with a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering in May 2007.Richard Layton, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Richard A. Layton is an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. His professional interests include system dynamics, curriculum and laboratory development, and project- and team-based learning. His interest in students' teaming experiences and the technical merit of team deliverables is founded on his years of experince in consulting

Conference Session

Multimedia and Distance Learning in ET

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sorraya Khiewnavawongsa, Purdue University; Ron Leong, Purdue University; Edie Schmidt, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

learningexperiences, why and how it enhances understanding, retention, and meaningful application. The goal of this study is to raise awareness of Breeze so that future researchers willsupport or contest these pedagogical hypotheses through follow up empirical analysis. This paperwill also present how this experiment was conducted, and what hypotheses were set up. Page 11.869.31. Introduction When first developing the IT 332 Distance course, we determined that a good start was toincorporate audio with the existing course PowerPoint slides. Purdue University has a licensefor Macromedia Breeze, and using it is fairly straightforward. Once the

Conference Session

Embedded Systems and Mobile Computing

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maurice F. Aburdene, Bucknell University; Marie Catherine Pizzorno, Department of Biology, Bucknell University; Alexander P Thompson, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

1991. I did postdoctoral work at Princeton University from 1991 to 1995. I taught in the Biology Department of Vassar College from 1995-1996. I became an Assistant Professor in the Biology Department at Bucknell University in 1996 and was promoted to Associate Professor in 2001.My primary research interests are the molecular biology of viruses that infect eukaryotes, specifically viruses that infect honeybees.Mr. Alexander P Thompson, Bucknell University I am a senior Electrical Engineering student at Bucknell University. I have been studying genomic signal processing for the last two years as part of a research project through the Bucknell Presidential Fellows program. My primary role in the development of the

Conference Session

Real and Virtual - "New" Approaches to Teaching "Old" Courses

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel D. Burkey, University of Connecticut; Daniel D. Anastasio, University of Connecticut; Aravind Suresh, University of Connecticut

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

student additional XP (effectively extra credit), butalso another resource, called Reputation. While reputation did not affect a student’s gradedirectly, by working collectively with other students in their guild, students could poolReputation to effectively ‘win’ the game. In this context, the guild with the most reputation at theend of the semester was allowed to choose from several rewards (dinner out with the faculty, theability to choose an experiment the following semester, a small boost to one of their best grades,etc.). Optional tasks were ones that the instructors thought would benefit the students, but inpractice, without incentivization, few students attempted. Examples include peer evaluation oftheir work, seeking out and using

Conference Session

Energy Education Courses, Labs, and Projects

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Teodora Rutar Shuman, Seattle University; Gregory Mason P.E., Seattle University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

designing experiments to demonstrate performance of adevice they designed or developed in order to prove a physical phenomenon. Hence, it comes asno surprise that ABET has embraced this criterion for close to a decade.Introduction to Thermodynamics requires that students learn basic, yet complicated concepts,such as determining properties of pure substances, calculating heat and work exchanged during aprocess, and the first and second law of thermodynamics, before they can tackle complexapplications, such as thermodynamic cycles or combustion systems. These basic concepts areconducive to simple, conceptually oriented laboratory assignments that parallel the classroominstruction. Those laboratory assignments are an ideal place to implement

Conference Session

Construction Safety and Risk Management

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Neil Opfer, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; David R. Shields P.E., University of Nevada, Las Vegas

Tagged Divisions

Construction

Paper ID #10462Controlling Workers’ Compensation Costs In ConstructionProf. Neil Opfer, University of Nevada, Las Vegas UNLV Associate Professor Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & ConstructionDr. David R. Shields P.E., University of Nevada, Las Vegas David R. Shields, Ph.D., P.E. Dr. Shields is an Associate Professor in Department of Civil and Environ- mental Engineering and Construction in the Howard R. Hughes College of Engineering at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. He has received two outstanding faculty awards and two service awards at UNLV. He has over 25 years of industry and government

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hong Man, Stevens Institute of Technology (SES)

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Paper ID #10792Correlating Experience and Performance of On-Campus and On-Line Stu-dents Assisted by Computer Courseware: a Case StudyDr. Hong Man, Stevens Institute of Technology (SES) Dr. Hong Man joined the faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Stevens in January 2000. He received his Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology in December 1999. Dr. Man is currently an associate professor in the department of ECE. He is serving as the director of the undergraduate Computer Engineering program, and the director of the Visual Information Envi- ronment Laboratory at Stevens

Conference Session

ET Curriculum & Design Issues

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Thomas Bilodeau

theknowledge and skills they derived from their MaFEL laboratory experience to solvepractical electromagnetic systems design , interference and shielding problems are discussedand future plans for the continued development of the MaFEL procedure are noted.I. Introduction The ability to visualize the low frequency AC magnetic field distributions thatoccur in the vicinity of 60 Hz AC electric power generation and transmission equipment ,such as transformers, rotational machines, switchgear and cable ; and to understand thephysical factors that determine these fields ; are very important skills for an electricalengineering technician ( EET ) to have. This understanding of AC magnetic field behaviorenables an EET to identify the most probable

Conference Session

Assessment and Accreditation in Engineering Management

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David S. Cochran, Southern Methodist University and Meijo University; Makoto Kawada, Meijo University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

AC 2012-4481: EDUCATION APPROACH IN JAPAN FOR MANAGEMENTAND ENGINEERING OF SYSTEMSProf. David S. Cochran, Southern Methodist University and Meijo University David Cochran is a professor of industrial and systems engineering management. He is Founder and Prin- cipal of System Design, LLC, Visiting Professor with the School of Business, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan and faculty of systems engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas. Cochran devel- oped the Manufacturing System Design Decomposition (MSDD) to determine the underlying design of the Toyota Production System (and ”lean”) from a systems engineering viewpoint and was Founder and Director of the Production System Design Laboratory in the

Conference Session

Techniques in Improving Mathematics Education in STEM Curricula

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Vandenbussche, Southern Polytechnic State University; Christina R. Scherrer, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

UniversitySystem of Georgia, with close to 5000 students enrolled. Many of the students arenontraditional. The school’s mission is to offer both traditional and nontraditional studentsbachelors and masters degrees and continuing professional development in the sciences,engineering, engineering technology, applied liberal arts, business, and professional programs.Despite the technical focus of the degrees at SPSU, typically around 40% of incoming studentsare placed into College Algebra by the university’s mathematics placement exam. Retainingthese underprepared students pursuing engineering or engineering technology degrees atinstitutions similar to this one and providing them with a strong mathematical background is anessential component of increasing

Conference Session

Retention of Women Students

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ann M. Blasick, Georgia Institute of Technology; Christine Valle, Georgia Institute of Technology; John D. Leonard II, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

]. This number has plateaued for at least adecade. In contrast, the representation of women in other fields like law or medicine wasas bad as in engineering thirty years ago but has now almost reached parity. As a result,in the last decade a number of programs have been developed at institutions around the Page 25.1128.2country to identify the factors associated with this consistent under-representation ofwomen in engineering, and to help implement solutions, such as Women in Engineeringprograms.Factors contributing to the under-representation of women students in engineering mayinclude retention: are there significant numbers of students who start out

Conference Session

Broadening Participation

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Oenardi Lawanto, Utah State University; Wade H. Goodridge, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Society for the Study of Education, Toronto, ON, 2004.[17] Butler, D. and Winne, P., “Feedback and self-regulated learning: A theoretical synthesis,” Review of Educational Research, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 245-281, 1995.[18] Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) Engineering Accreditation Commission, Criteria for Accrediting, Effective for Evaluations During the 2010-2011 Accreditation Cycle, ABET, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland.[19] Jain, V. K. and Sobek, D. K. Process characteristics that lead to good design outcomes in engineering capstone projects, 2003. Retrieved July 31, 2005, from http://vmw.coe.montana.edu/IE/faculty/sobek/CAREER/VDOEjpaper.DOC[20] Dym, C. L., Agogino, A. M., Eris

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Ben Erwin

in your desktop computer, examples of engineering areeverywhere. By encouraging children to look more deeply at the artifacts around them and engagethem in the making of such artifacts, they will be developing their “engineering intuition” andlearning to use this "engineering perspective" as their own. In addition, many of us would likeour children to grow up with the knowledge and skills necessary to get along with others, whichcalls for more of the curriculum to be socially constructed. Systems engineering is such apedagogical model that goes beyond seeing engineering as a design contest between groups ofstudents and into a cooperative venture between all students. Systems engineering designinvolves all students working together and

Conference Session

Sustainability, Diversity, and STEM in Contemporary Energy Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Randy Dean Kelley, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown; Amy L. Miller, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown; Brandon Dooley, Heat Transfer Research, Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

AC 2011-729: ENERGY CONSERVATION IN THE CLASSROOMRandy Dean Kelley, University of Pittsburgh - Johnstown Randy Kelley is an Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering Technology at the University of Pitts- burgh at Johnstown. He earned a Ph.D. in Interdisciplinary Engineering (Nuclear and Mechanical) at Texas A&M University, a Masters of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering from Texas A&M Univer- sity, a Masters of Business Administration from West Texas A&M University, a Masters of Science in Mechanical Engineering from Kansas State University and a Bachelors of Science in Nuclear Engineer- ing from Texas A&M University. He joined the faculty at UPJ in 2010 after finishing his doctoral degree

Conference Session

Assessing Student Learning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James E. Bluman, U.S. Military Academy; Kathryn Purchase, U.S. Military Academy; Christopher Thomas Duling, U.S. Military Academy, West Point, Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

hinderthe development of teacher-student rapport. Additionally, many instructors in engineering disciplines find that their students can oftenmove through a problem satisfactorily, but are unable to articulate the conceptual understandingof material that is just as important as solving problems. The review quizzes described in thispaper are designed to treat this problem by emphasizing concepts through the quizzesthemselves, and then helping students reinforce their understanding of concepts throughconsistent quizzing. The two hypotheses that will be addressed are a) does frequent quizzingincrease student conceptual understanding of the material, and b) does frequent quizzing hurtclass morale and student motivation? The first research

Conference Session

Pedagogical Innovations in Laboratory Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian P. Sangeorzan, Oakland University; Matthew Nathaniel Bruer, Oakland University; Laila Guessous, Oakland University; Xia Wang, Oakland University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

AC 2011-1444: A RELEVANT, AUTOMOTIVE-THEMED EXPERIMENTTHAT TEACHES FUNDAMENTAL FLOW RATE CONCEPTS AND EX-PERIMENTAL UNCERTAINTYBrian P Sangeorzan, Oakland University Dr. Brian Sangeorzan, is registered Professional Engineer and an Associate Professor of Engineering at Oakland University in Rochester, Michigan, where he serves as the faculty advisor for the SAE student chapter and has taught graduate and undergraduate courses in thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, heat transfer and combustion for the past 27 years. His research interests generally include heat transfer and fluid mechanic phenomena in internal combustion engines, as well as the instrumentation and optical techniques for thermal/fluid measurements. Past

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Randall Manteufel, University of Texas, San Antonio; Amir Karimi, University of Texas, San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

AC 2010-2189: GRADE-BASED CORRELATION METRIC TO IDENTIFYEFFECTIVE STATICS INSTRUCTORSRandall Manteufel, University of Texas, San Antonio Dr. Randall D. Manteufel is Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at The University of Texas at San Antonio where he has taught since 1997. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1991. His teaching and research interests are in the thermal sciences. He is the faculty advisor for ASHRAE at UTSA. Manteufel is a fellow of ASME and a registered Professional Engineer (PE) in the state of Texas.Amir Karimi, University of Texas, San Antonio Amir Karimi is a Professor of Mechanical

Conference Session

Technological Literacy for K-12 and for Community College Students: Concepts, Assessment, and Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen O'Brien, The College of New Jersey

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

significant ways with the MST population; (i) the Engineering School students and staff and the (ii) Technology/Pre-engineering education majors. Being housed in the School of Engineering certainly gives a strong technology focus to the environment. By example, the School of Engineering has recently been considering additions to our facility. This is a very current and real architectural design problem, one that became a formal modeling assignment for our education majors. The resulting models were not only good educational projects but also helped the faculty consider certain attributes. The Technology/Pre-engineering education majors interact the most with MST majors. The MST and Technology/Pre-engineering programs have had

Conference Session

Electrical & Computer Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Charles Higby; Brandon Rogers; Joseph Ekstrom

implementations. Mail server software is configured on identical hardware wherepossible and tested for reactions to various simulated load conditions. For each configuration,throughput characteristics are measured and presented so that objective comparisons can bemade.IntroductionIn 2003, Brigham Young University’s School of Technology began building a laboratory forhardware and software testing and performance analysis. The lab contains 20 workstationcomputers, a few high-speed machines and switches, and one Itanium 64-bit computer. Thepurpose of this lab is to provide students and faculty with a means to perform research that canbe used to characterize the performance of a system. This experimental environment is ideal forcreating and performing

Conference Session

Research On Student Teams

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Steven Zemke; Donald Elger

Surfacing Key Mentoring Roles to Activate Learning, Team Formation, and Team Performance Steven C. Zemke, Donald F. Elger University of IdahoAbstractStudent teams are used in many educational settings to increase learning. Teams that experiencestrong formation, that is, develop strong cohesiveness between members typically produce thehighest learning outcomes. Unfortunately, not all teams form well.We utilize undergraduate mentors to increase team formation, team performance (quality of teamproducts created using team based processes), and individual learning in our sophomore designclass. However, merely having mentors does not

Conference Session

The Modern ChE Laboratory

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Stephanie Farrell; Robert Hesketh; C. Stewart Slater

inductive learning begins with observations (Adapted from 4 material. Felder et al. ).Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright  2002, American Society for Engineering Education • Purely deductive teaching makes the students think that the material was straightforward for the instructor to develop (i.e., obvious) • Purely deductive teaching leaves the student thinking that he or she could never come up with the derivation by him/herself. • Deductive teaching may be more efficient for short-term retention. • Inductive

Collection

2023 PSW

Authors

Tara Esfahani; David Copp

mental health, socialization, access toresources, and additional responsibilities besides their education, among others. It is important tounderstand these impacts in order to provide effective resources and learning opportunities for allstudents. Therefore, in this work, we aim to better understand and contextualize the experiencesthat diverse undergraduate engineering students had through these transitions.Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, research on online learning in higher education institutionsfound that it has both benefits and drawbacks. While students learning online are less likely tocollaborate, interact with faculty, and engage in discussions with diverse others when compared tostudents learning in person, they report increased

Conference Session

Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lari Garrison, University of Washington; Reed Stevens, University of Washington; Portia Sabin, University of Washington; Andrew Jocuns, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

this is key to understanding how they makemeaning of the process and how these beliefs shape their navigation of the process, the formationof their engineering identity and their time in the engineering college as well.2. Study description and Methods2.1 The Academic Pathways StudyThe Academic Pathways Study (APS) is an NSF-funded, on-going, longitudinal, person-centeredethnography27, currently in its fourth year of data collection. Its purpose is to studyundergraduate engineering education, and seeks to understand students’ development asengineers by attending to three facets of their development: first the content knowledge they gainin formal and informal settings; second how they (and others) come to identify themselves asengineers; and

Conference Session

Innovations in Aero Curriculum and Program Level Administration

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sidaard Gunasekaran, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

the modern pedagogical practices at the Universityof Dayton are largely focused on undergraduate classes when compared to graduate curriculum.KEEN faculty fellows program offers incentives to teachers to develop or modify existingundergraduate classes to incorporate problem based learning (PBL) and entrepreneurially mindedlearning (EML). As such, efforts are undertaken to expose undergraduate students to the actualskillset and mindset they need to be successful in their career and not just possess the technicalability to solve a well-posed and well-framed problem. Whereas in a graduate class, on an average,there is very little change in the way the classes are taught when compared to undergraduateclasses. At the highest level of the