Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Service and Outreach Projects

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kristie Gutierrez, Old Dominion University; Stacie I. Ringleb, Old Dominion University ; Jennifer Jill Kidd, Old Dominion University; Orlando M. Ayala, Old Dominion University; Pilar Pazos, Old Dominion University; Krishnanand Kaipa, Old Dominion University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

a science methods class (n = 15). The paired classes collaborated inmultidisciplinary teams of 5-8 undergraduate students to plan and teach engineering lessons tolocal elementary school students. Teams completed a series of previously tested, scaffoldedactivities to guide their collaboration. Designing and delivering lessons engaged universitystudents in collaborative processes that promoted social learning, including researching andplanning, peer mentoring, teaching and receiving feedback, and reflecting and revising theirengineering lesson. The research questions examined in this pilot, mixed-methods research study include: (1)How did PSTs’ Ed+gineering experiences influence their engineering and science knowledge?;(2) How did PSTs

Conference Session

How to Effectively Teach Using Teams

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Hanus, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Jeffrey Russell

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

agree.” Page 12.929.5 “I believe that the most important advice that can be passed on, in not only becoming a successful in this class but just in general, is to become completely integrated with your team. Get to know one another on a personal level so that people are not afraid to step up and let each other know how you as well as others can contribute to the team.” “Get to know your team members and what they already know. Use this knowledge and learn from your team members. Establish a good communication base early. ”These results caused the course instructors to really step-back and reflect upon a better approachto the

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Curriculum Innovation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mahmoud Quweider, University of Texas-Brownsville; Juan Iglesias, University of Texas-Brownsville; Amajd Zaim, University of Texas-Brownsville

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

. Page 12.573.72.1. Bit Maps and ImagesBit images and maps are at the heart of any game as they are used to display the environment,terrains, character, weapons, and special effects. To display images at different places in thebuffer, OpenGL provides operations for reading, copying and drawing pixels. These commandsuse the following functions respectively: glReadPixels() - reads a region of the frame buffer intooff-screen (processor) memory; glCopyPixels()- copies a region of the frame buffer into anotherpart of the frame buffer; glDrawPixels()- draws a given pixmap into the frame buffer.In the process of transferring and copying pixels OpenGL provides the capability to magnify,reduce, or flip (reflect) an image. The function glPixelZoom

Conference Session

Innovations in Mechanical Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cindy Waters, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Lifelong learning.The basic premise is that an individual learner must actively "build" knowledge and skills 3. Weknow that technology changes with time and an engineer must be motivated to continue to learnand stay current with technology. Constructivism is a method of teaching and learning based onthe principle that cognition (learning) is the result of mental construction, and this construction inquite individual. Knowledge is formed by reflecting on our experiences, by putting informationtogether with what we already thereby we construct knowledge in our head. Thus, we create ourown understanding of the world we live in. Learning is the process of adjusting our mentalmodels to fit with new experiences. Constructivist theorists maintain that

Conference Session

Capstone Design III

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karim Muci-Küchler, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Jonathan Weaver, University of Detroit Mercy; Daniel Dolan, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

be done and uses one or more examples taken from different projects to illustrate how theymust be performed. He/she provides extensive feedback based on the work that the students dobut avoids making design decisions for them. The instructor gives suggestions, questions theresults of each task, encourages students to reflect on the process that they followed and ways toimprove it, etc. Most undergraduate students typically feel uncomfortable with this approach,especially during the early stages of the project, because they would prefer to have the instructoras the team leader rather than as an external consultant. However, they appreciate the benefits ofthis approach once they start working in industry and realize how well the experience

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Megan Arnold, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Aman Yadav, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Gregory Shaver, Purdue University; Eric Nauman, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

,problem solving skills, reflective thinking skills, and also gives them a meaningful andconceptual understanding of the topic.1,4,6,7 Thus, case-based instruction gives students a betterunderstanding of the material presented and allows them to have a smoother transition to thework force by allowing students to learn to apply material rather than memorize it.5,7Overall, case-based instruction has been used in numerous ways in the engineering field withencouraging results.9 However, using case-based instruction is a technique that requires moreeffort and more research in the engineering field. Specifically, the implementation of cases andthe perceptions of students about this approach is an area where more research should focus. Thecurrent

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching Physics or Engineering Phy

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Ross, University of Detroit Mercy; Jenna Ross, Utica Center for Mathematics Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

connected to the input of the audio amplifier,students can hear the temporal pattern of light, either visible or infrared, that is producing currentin the cell. Room light causes audible noise to be generated by the amplifier. Students hear theoscillation due to the alternating current in the light. They hear a different pitch when they holdthe cell up to the front surface of a computer monitor, which refreshes at 72Hz, and they heardeafening silence when the cell is placed in direct sunlight. Television remote controls useinfrared LEDs to produce a digital signal. When one is directed at the solar cell and amplifiercombination, sounds are heard as buttons are depressed. We use this activity to show thatinfrared light reflects from a mirror in the

Conference Session

Cooperative Education and Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tylisha Baber, Michigan State University; Norman Fortenberry, National Academy of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

online format. Of the 52 industry managers contacted, 40 responded to the Page 13.1199.4survey, yielding a 77% response rate. The survey results indicated that industry managers wereextremely satisfied with the internship program, the interns, and the industry-universitycollaboration that it fosters. Industrial respondents also indicated they were satisfied with theacademic preparation (92%) and the overall performance of the engineering interns (89.7%).Assessment also revealed that six of the ABET 3(a-k) outcomes were strengths reflected in theperformance of co-op interns. Specifically, data analysis suggests that competencies a, c, d, f, g

Conference Session

Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Bentow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers; Richard Blais, Project Lead the Way; Laura Bottomley, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; Catherine Didion, National Academy of Engineering; Norman Fortenberry, National Academy of Engineering; Christina Vogt, National Academy of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

project management knowledge into a comprehensive suite of professionaldevelopment tools.Research on teacher learning suggests that online professional development for teachers should focus onexaminations of practice, promote reflection, and be coupled with classroom teaching. What remainsunknown is how to create an online education system that is also simultaneously applicable to hundredsof pre-engineering and engineering teachers nationwide from K-12 to higher education.The Need for High Quality Professional DevelopmentA potentially large part of the EEES challenge requires that teaching NOT be viewed as a set of quicktricks and simple fixes. It must embody a comprehensive set of modules that synthesize what one knowsabout course content with

Conference Session

Curriculum Implementation of Materials Advances

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Santosh Kurinec, Rochester Institute of Technology; Surendra Gupta, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Materials

Page 12.1037.6It is an intensive and challenging program. Two students (out of 25 Microelectronic Engineeringstudents) enrolled in this program in it debut. Texas Instruments supported the first student topursue research on aluminum alloy films for micro mirror applications. The student investigatedoptical visible reflection coefficient of aluminum films alloyed with chromium, copper andtitanium, and developed universal dielectric function model4. He was subsequently hired byTexas Instruments on graduation. The second student investigated and developed nickelmonosilicide process at RIT and joined IBM on graduation. Success of these students promptedinterest and enrollment doubled in 2005. The assessment of the program is carried out through

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jerry Hamann, University of Wyoming; Linda Hutchison, Bristol Community College; Alan Moore, University of Wyoming

faced byK-12 teachers. Reflective of activities in most states, the Wyoming State Department ofEducation has adopted an aggressive schedule for implementing outcomes-based educationstandards as a requirement for high school graduation, covering the spectrum of student abilitiesas represented in the philosophy of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. All K-12 schooldistricts in the state are currently integrating uniform topic material standards into existingcoursework. Demonstrating compliance with Wyoming’s standards while retaining local schoolcontrol of programs has led to a significant level of confusion and anxiety for administrators,teachers, students and families.Could this be a recipe for a match made in heaven (or at least, in the

Conference Session

Simulation and Virtual Instrumentation in ET

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mukasa Ssemakula, Wayne State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

, practical, oriented toward facts and procedures) vs. intuitive learners (conceptual, innovative, oriented toward theories and meanings); • visual learners (prefer visual representations of presented material--pictures, diagrams, flow charts) vs. verbal learners (prefer written and spoken explanations); • inductive learners (prefer presentations that proceed from the specific to the general) vs. deductive learners (prefer presentations that go from the general to the specific); • active learners (learn by trying things out, working with others) vs. reflective learners (learn by thinking things through, working alone); • sequential learners (linear, orderly, learn in small incremental steps) vs. global learners

Conference Session

Assessment and Evaluation in Engineering Education I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rose Marra, University of Missouri; Barbara Bogue, Pennsylvania State University; Demei Shen, University of Missouri; Kelly Rodgers, University of Missouri

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

poor high school preparation andrecognized and articulated a need for better preparation for the rigors of college in general andengineering specifically as factors in their decisions to leave engineering. Example responsesincluded: I think that it [high school] did not teach me in the reality of college and the difficulties accompanied by it. –Latina Did not reflect the type of work or the amount of work that one encounters in their first year of engineering.—Caucasian MaleAlthough these students do not reflect the majority of respondents, it is important for researchersand practitioners alike to give credence to such comments in order to understand the entire set offactors that may be impacting engineering

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Education in ET

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Willie Ofosu, Pennsylvania State University-Wilkes-Barre; Austin Asgill, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

of the radio or TV propagations. This will therefore affect radio and TVreceptions. During the periods when the atmosphere is dry, dust particles in theatmosphere, with comparable dimensions to the signal wavelengths, will behave ascrystalline structures that will reflect, deflect and scatter the radio waves. The constanthigh temperatures will also affect the performance of the equipment at the componentlevel.IV. Educational ImplicationsAll the factors discussed above have serious implications in the design and manufactureof equipment intended for use in electromagnetic propagation applications, or intelephony. This suggests that these factors should be given consideration in the designspecifications employed. It is therefore essential that

Conference Session

CPD - Engineering Education K - Life

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kurt Becker, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

-oriented technology education. As a first step toward establishing best practices for delivering engineering design andcontent through professional development, engineers and technology teacher educatorsfrom each of the technology teacher education (TTE) partner institutions haveconceptualized, developed, and delivered a series of workshops. While the format andspecific content varied across the five professional development sites, a balance betweentheoretical content and activity-based experiences has been maintained. At the conclusionof each workshop, participating high school teachers complete similar surveys, whichwere designed to facilitate analysis and reflection. Building on lessons learned during theinitial year of the Center, the TTE

Conference Session

FPD9 -- Technology & Textbooks

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Urban-Lurain, Michigan State University; Jon Sticklen, Michigan State University; Neeraj Buch, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

areas. The number of students enrolling from the natural sciences has been growing overthe last five years.Currently, the enrollment for CSE 131 is approximately 250 students for both autumn and springsemesters, and approximately 30 students for summer semester. Class enrollment has beendeclining over the last five years, which is a reflection of generally declining engineeringenrollments both at MSU and on a national basis. Enrollment hit a high point of approximately400 students per term in 2001.CSE 131 is a lecture/lab course. Students meet in lecture once per week in an 80-minute session,and in two lab meetings per week both for 80-minute sessions. Students enroll in one of twolecture sections of approximately 125 students each, and in one

Conference Session

FPD8 -- Introductory Courses

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Darryl Morrell, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

problem solving process. For every assignment, the student is asked to self-assesswhether they have demonstrated the competencies associated with the assignment and to describethe evidence that supports their assessment. Every assignment also requires a short reflective state-ment, which includes what was learned and what was still unclear. Most of the assignments requirestudents to create a MATLAB solution (often MATLAB script files) from scratch-no sample or par-tially completed solutions are given as part of the assignments.Each assignment is based on a more-or-less real-world problem that is appropriate for the analyticalskills of freshman-level students. The MATLAB skills addressed in the assignments and associatedproblems used in the Fall

Conference Session

Computational/CS Initiatives

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

A. Dean Fontenot, Texas Tech University; Richard A Burgess, Texas Tech University; Vinitha Hannah Subburaj M.S; Debra J Nash, Texas Tech University T-STEM Center

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

by a sophisticated understanding of the complexity of technology. Ethics is a key part of this complexity and the next generation of STEM professionals will need the skills to effectively engage the ethical chal- lenges they will face. Burgess is a regular presenter on incorporating ethics in a K-12 setting. A theme throughout these roles is the importance of teaching ethics and promoting ethical reflection in a way that is both accessible and substantive. This is a challenge that Burgess is keenly interested in. He holds bachelor’s and master’s degrees in Philosophy.Ms. Vinitha Hannah Subburaj M.SMs. Debra J Nash, Texas Tech University T-STEM Center Debra Nash is the Associate Director of the Texas Tech University T

Conference Session

Instrumentation Technical Session III

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wesley B. Williams P.E., University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

were introduced in that order to quickly bring students up to speedon the strengths, weaknesses, and suitable applications for each device.The graduate students in the class came from both civil engineering and constructionmanagement undergraduate programs. As such, they had limited backgrounds in electronics andprogramming. This assessment was reflected in an initial course survey where students ratedtheir abilities in electronics theory, electronics hands on, LabVIEW, and MATLAB as beingweak, slightly weak, or average (the three lowest categories on the survey). Conversely, theyrated their abilities in math and physics as being average, strong, or very strong (the three highestcategories on the survey).National Instruments LabVIEW and a NI

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yanna Lambrinidou, Virginia Tech; Marc Edwards, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

students culturalcompetence, civic responsibility, and the ability to reflect critically on the professional“cultures” and often-invisible “values” informing science and engineering practice. Theyalso attempt to sensitize participants to non-technical worldviews and alert them to theneed for ethical conduct and sustainable innovation. 28-29,39-40With the support of the Ethics Education in Science and Engineering (EESE) program ofthe National Science Foundation (NSF), we have developed a graduate engineering ethicscourse that might take these initiatives a step further by making the case that theconnection of engineers and scientists to society is a central pillar of ethical professionalpractice. The course brings together engineering, science

Conference Session

Nuclear and Radiological Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark A. Prelas, University of Missouri, Columbia; Matthew L. Watermann, NSEI - University of Missouri; Denis Alexander Wisniewski; Janese Annetta Neher, Nuclear Science and Engineering Institute-University of Missouri Columbia; Charles Lyndell Weaver III, University of Missouri - Columbia

Tagged Divisions

Nuclear and Radiological

with the reactant have beenpublished for lasers and chemical processing, however, in addition to the transport inefficiency,this technique also contaminates any reactant which comes in direct contact with the fuel [5, 6].Surface sources could be used in an energy focus application [8] because the source material canbe coated by a reflecting surface. This point will be discussed in section 2. Volume sources can produce a much a greater energy release because half the chargedparticle energy is not lost in a wall and the volume is not constrained to the charged particlerange. Until 1981, UF6 was the only available volume fission source. UF6 vapor howeverproduces strong quenching of the chemical kinetics of most systems [3-6] and cannot be

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joyce B. Main, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University and Central Queensland University; Nichole M. Ramirez, Purdue University; Trina L. Fletcher, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

program.11 Differences in the observedoutcome variables, GPA and persistence are calculated from the treated and matchedparticipants, with the average differences being the effect of co-op participation.AcknowledgementsThe authors thank the National Science Foundation Research in Engineering Education Program(Award Number:1329283) for support of this research. Page 24.129.5References Cited1. Haddara, M., & Skanes, H. (2007). A reflection on cooperative education  : from experience to experiential learning. Asia-Pacific Journal of Cooperative Education, 8(1), 67–76.2. Edgar, S., Francis-Coad, J., & Connaughton, J. (2013). Undergraduate

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University; John L. Falconer, University of Colorado Boulder; David L. Silverstein, University of Kentucky; Ronald L. Miller, Colorado School of Mines; Debra Gilbuena, Oregon State University; Bill Jay Brooks, Oregon State University; Christina Smith, Oregon State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

noteworthy. First, the Force Concept Inventory (FCI) provided an instrument tomeasure students’ fundamental conceptual understanding of Newtonian mechanics.1,2 Thequestions were designed to test a student’s ability to apply the fundamental laws and principlesin a way that does not require computation. Second, Eric Mazur published his book Peer Page 23.298.2Instruction, which describes the use of ConcepTests to engage students in conceptual learningduring lecture.3 This structured questioning process actively involves all students in the class.Peer instruction encourages students to reflect on the problem, think through the arguments beingdeveloped, and

Conference Session

K-5 Teacher Transformation

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

K. Anna Douglas, Purdue University; Daphne Duncan Wiles, Purdue University, West Lafayette; So Yoon Yoon, INSPIRE, School of Engineering Education, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Heidi A. Diefes-Dux, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Page 23.474.3For more than twenty years, networks of teachers have been found to aid sustaining educationalchange.12 Groups of teachers can come together and foster a culture of common understandingfor instructional goals, methods, and solutions.6 In this way, the TPD is expanded from anindividual learning experience to an organizational learning experience. The TPD can provideopportunities for discussion, reflection, and debate.6 In the same way, groups of teachers couldpose a negative influence on the effort if they do not see the value of the content being learned.Van Driel, Beijaard and Verloop13 found that science teaching reform efforts were largelyineffective in a number of countries, largely due to a failure of the TPD program to

Conference Session

Crossing Boundaries - Service Learning and Interdisciplinary Teams

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip A. Dunn Jr. P.E., University of Maine

Tagged Divisions

Construction

Page 23.491.2Several engineering programs engage in community through service learning. These programsfollow a structured format in developing community service. Barrington and Duffy summarizewhat service learning is through definition: There have been many definitions for service-learning in the literature over the years[e.g., (Jacoby, 1996), (Bringle, Hatcher, & Games, 1997), (Stanton, Giles, & Cruz, 1999), (Learnand Serve America, 2009). One of the earliest definitions is still widely accepted andcomprehensive: Service-learning is a “a course based, credit-bearing, educational experience inwhich students (a) participate in an organized service activity that meets identified communityneeds and (b) reflect on the service

Conference Session

Experiences in Engineering Community Engagement

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Farzana Ansari, University of California, Berkeley; Jennifer Wang, University of California, Berkeley; Ryan Shelby, University of California, Berkeley; Eli Patten, University of California, Berkeley; Lisa A Pruitt, University of California, Berkeley

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

government reflect her interest in the intersection between medical device innovation, development, and regulation. She also has educational experience in leadership studies through several training programs, including a vigorous course on ”The Art and Adventure of Leadership” taught by recognized leadership gurus, Drs. Warren Bennis and Steven Sample.Jennifer Wang, University of California, Berkeley Jennifer Wang is a graduate student in the Graduate Group in Science and Mathematics Education, fo- cusing on Engineering Education at the University of California, Berkeley. She also obtained her B.S. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences and M.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Berkeley. Wang has several years

Conference Session

Curriculum Development in Electrical ET

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Salahuddin Qazi

internal reflection, Fresnel reflection, diffraction, polarization and interferenceWeek 3 Optical fiber as a waveguide, parameters of optical fiber, types of glass and plastic fibers, single mode and multi-mode fibersWeek 4 Transmission characteristics of optical fibers, losses and dispersion of fibers, absorption, scattering and radiative effects in fibers, modal, material andwaveguide dispersionsWeek 5 Method of fabrication of fibers, low loss fibers, chemical vapor depositiontechniques, outside vapor and vapor-axial deposition techniquesWeek 6. Fiber drawing process, cable designWeek 7 Connectors, splices and couplers, fiber alignment and joint losses, types of fiber splices and connectors

Conference Session

Technology, Communication, & Ethics

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

C. Richard Helps; Stephen Renshaw

operating systems and how in general to discovermechanisms and methods of new operating systems.The Independent Learning EnvironmentThe independent learning environment that has been developed is a series of structured lessons.The student can choose how and when to the complete each lesson. The typical time to completea particular lesson is one hour, making this system both practical and concise.One of the main objectives of this environment is to train students to teach themselves thoroughindependent learning and consequently develop life-long learning skills and habits. “Whenstudents learn on their own, they develop the ability to focus and reflect. Working on their ownalso gives them the opportunity to take personal responsibility for their

Conference Session

Curriculum Exchange II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dani Sledz, Colorado School of Mines; Allison M. Silvaggio, STEM Magnet Lab School

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

pre and posttest, displayed in Appendix A, was administered to the participating studentsimmediately before instruction, with the posttest done within a few hours after the lesson due toscheduling. This was used to gauge student knowledge, but does not reflect attitude. Poor performanceof the pretests was anticipated, as the students were unlikely to have had prior exposure to thepresented concepts. The average pretest score for the sampled classes was 20, whereas the posttest was64 (standard deviation ~20 points for both). Most critical was the understanding of power beinggenerated by generators and not simply existing by flipping a switch, which is reflected in question 2.This targeted question of power generation was answered as a 2:1

Conference Session

Methods, Cases, and Directions

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph C. Hartman, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

common assumption of a positive interest rate,money grows to a larger value as it moves forward in time and shrinks as it moves back in time.This is reflected in the (P/F,i,N) and (F/P,i,N) factors which are generally introduced when discussingthe notion of interest. As these serve as the basis for all other factors, they are the only factorsthat need to be explicitly covered in classroom material. Once understood, the mechanics ofmoving money through time can be easily illustrated on a spreadsheet, without the use of factors.Furthermore, this author would argue that one can build intuition merely by working lots ofproblems – even if the actual calculations are performed on a spreadsheet. In terms of intuition,an engineer that can build