Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Darrell Kleinke, University of Detroit Mercy; David Pistrui, University of Detroit Mercy; Shuvra Das, University of Detroit Mercy

be driven down to theprospective student-engineer. Career path planning is managed by industry, notacademia. Industry begins to view the new student-engineer as an employee and life-longlearner.2 - Academic institutions begin to behave as talent-pipeline suppliers to technical industries. Thevalue of the institution’s third-path program is then based on; 1) the relevance of thecompetencies instilled in the student-engineers, 2) the ability to provide what the students need,when they need it, at the pace they need it and 3) the integration of, and sensitivity to, the needsof industry, students, society and the economy. 23 - State and Federal

Conference Session

EMD Technical Session 1: Captstone, Ethics, and Statistical Methods

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth McDonald, United States Military Academy

Paper ID #38125Virtue and Engineering Ethics - A Pilot StudyKenneth McDonald Dr. Kenneth McDonald is a Professor of Engineering Management, Department of Systems Engineering, West Point. His academic focus is on capacity development, planning, and consequence management. He also studies engineering ethics and how it applies in today’s complex world. Dr. McDonald has authored and co-authored over 50 technical publications to include book chapters and refereed publications on infrastructure, capacity development, geotechnical engineering, engineering management, value modeling and ethics. He is also co-author of the

Conference Session

Virtual and Augmented Reality Applications in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Liu, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Emma Higgason, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Emily Welsh, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Joseph Wight; A. John Hart; Gabrielle Enns

for knurling? 33. A small tip was left on the end of the part when performing a facing operation on a lathe. The root cause of this problem is: 34. Which of the following are potential safety hazards when operating a lathe? 35. The process plan calls for a 2.5” diameter clearance fit hole. The best process plan is to: 36. Each division found on the thimble of a micrometer is equal to ________ and each division found on the sleeve is equal to ___________. 37. One factor to consider when choosing the appropriate measuring device to measure a specific feature of a part is the: 38. Name the three types of taps found in a tap set: 39. An edge finder has a tip diameter of 0.200 inches. What distance must the table

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 4 Best in DEED

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tripp Shealy, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; John Gero, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Paulo Ignacio Jr., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

, goal-directed planning [46], and making analytic judgments[49]. The left PFC also plays a critical role in solving math problems [50].A possible explanation for why more focused activation in the right PFC and less activation inthe left PFC was observed among students who completed the concept mapping exercise wasthat concept mapping aided the students’ mental organization of information before the problemstatement task and enabled them to spend more time on the creation of new ideas. Whendesigners are able to spend more time reflecting on a design problem, they can enable morecreativity [51], [52] and the results presented in this paper support this idea.Concept mapping prior to defining the design problem may have helped facilitate a

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 7 Design Mental Frameworks

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Corey Schimpf, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Andrew Olewnik, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York

needsor goals of key stakeholders or potential users [4]. While these tools are useful for uncoveringstudents’ problem understanding, they often involve some simplification from a broader problemunderstanding to facilitate the ongoing design process. Design problems rarely exist in a vacuum;they are more commonly embedded in the real-world, which consists of many open-ended,interacting, and dynamic systems [5], [6]. Thus, to more fully capture students understanding ofreal-world design problems, an approach for mapping a systems view of problems is needed.Toward addressing this goal, we propose to adapt an approach for systems mapping calledParticipatory Systems Mapping or PSM, used in policy planning and evaluation research [7].Uncovering

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Technical Session 6: Diversity

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Lester, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Kelly Durkin Ruth

Society forEngineering Education (ASEE) has its own statement on Diversity and Inclusiveness [15]. Eventhe accrediting body ABET has its own Principles of Diversity and Inclusion [16], approved byits board in 2017.STEM librarianship groups have shown similar support for this work. The Medical LibraryAssociation lists diversity, equity, and inclusion as “essential values” [17] to the organization,and as of 2020 has said it will integrate DEI objectives into each of its strategic plan goals.ACRL-STS names Inclusion, Diversity, Equity, and Accessibility as a core value [18] while theASEE Engineering Libraries Division’s (ELD) bylaws include a statement on Diversity, Equity,Inclusion, and Ethics [19]. ASEE-ELD also has a newly formed Committee of

Conference Session

Technological and Engineering Literacy - Philosophy of Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joshua Gross; Keyoni McNair

an interest inventory addressingfive different interest areas (mathematics, writing, creative hobbies, athletics, and public perfor-mance). Our goal is to offer a more complete understanding of our students, to see them in lightof their differences in addition to their similarities. We surveyed undergraduate students (both CSmajors and non-CS majors) at a regional comprehensive university. This paper presents the ori-gins and design of our instrument, the initial data collection efforts, current analysis, and plans forfuture work.Literature Review - The Challenge of StereotypesWe begin by exploring existing attempts to understand how CS students see themselves and theirpeers, especially in light of stereotypes held by people in and outside

Conference Session

Student Division Technical 2: Instruction & Learning Delivery

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sreyoshi Bhaduri, Amazon; Kritin Mandala; Zoë Dailey; Lilianny Virguez, University of Florida; Kayli Battel; LISSA ERICKSON

this early-age exposure. A 2007 studyindicates that the “shut up and learn” approach to teaching, while widely accepted, is notnecessarily effective. In this study [8], a survey of 2,500 pupils indicates that the two mostcommon uses of class time are copying from a board or book and listening to the teacher talk forextended periods of time; whereas the two least common uses of class time are studying real-world applications and learning through experience. Scholars have observed that shifts towardshands-on and individually-engaging activities often radically change students’ perceptions oftheir place in STEM fields and their plans for future education and career paths.Many educators in STEM suggest that the best way to introduce very young

Conference Session

Miscellaneous Mechanics

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joshua Wyrick, York College of Pennsylvania; Emine Foust, York College of Pennsylvania

identifying what to find, listingappropriate assumptions and coming up with a solution plan/method, solving the problem, andreflecting on the results [9]. The reflection component is a vital step to improve critical thinking andproblem-solving skills. The overall flow of a typical lecture is shown in Figure 1a.Prior to class, students are provided with a lecture notes package, both physical copy and electronicversions on Canvas. The course notes include learning outcomes, information on the associatedtextbook chapters, conceptual knowledge, fundamental equations, derivations, practice problems, and aspace to complete the solution of those problems.In-class demonstrations include pitot-tube, hydraulic loss demo with manometers attached to a pipe

Conference Session

ERM: Conceptualizations of Engineering and Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Heywood, Trinity College Dublin

structure that gave “too smaller a space to the fundamental sciences in theearly stages” (para 25). The report foreshadowed the trend toward day release, andsubsequently to full-time study, and it began the trend toward courses based on engineeringscience in the technical colleges.At the same time the Committee was clear that a number of students should participate in“courses specifically planned without reference to existing anomalies. We would insist thatsuch courses, whatever their length and arrangement, should be directed to the developmentof the highest level of teaching of the art of technology based on sufficient scientificfoundation. Such courses should have a status in no way inferior to the university courses,they should require equal

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Is This Real? Reaching Students with Virtual and Augmented Reality

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward Sippel, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Hannah Blum, University of Wisconsin - Madison

of Building Information Modeling (BIM)and VR improved students understanding of scheduling and cost estimation [18]. By combining4D technology available with BIM into VR, students were more readily able to identify schedulingconflicts than when presented in typical planning documentation [19]. The use of virtual realityallows students to see the mechanical systems and wall components in 3D without having to interpretthe meaning from 2D paper drawings or having to wait for the opportunity to attend a constructionsite [20], [21]. In the field of structural engineering, de Almeida Mello and Almenara [22] usedaugmented reality to show students steel rebar within a concrete member which demonstrated thechallenge of positioning rebar with a member

Conference Session

Pedagogy in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deesha Chadha, Imperial College London, London; Daryl Williams; Colin Hale; Paul Luckham

to retain the core philosophies and educational outcomes, due to the onset of COVID-19, several modifications were made to accommodate students learning experiences differentlythrough a hybrid model of teaching.Figure 1 highlights some of the changes between an entirely F2F model (2019), an entirelyremote teaching model during a Government-imposed lockdown (2020), and a hybrid modelthat was in place for this academic year (2021). As expected, and as previous research hasindicated, hybrid models of teaching require careful thought and planning in terms of bothdesign and execution, with contingency plans in place. Unlike F2F teaching, which depends onresources (teaching staff and appropriate classrooms), and remote learning which depends

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Innovative Changes to the Typical Civil Engineering Coursework.

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jakob Bruhl, United States Military Academy; Andrea Surovek, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; James Klosky, United States Military Academy

in 1955 that helped to shape nearly all engineering curricula. This documentrecommended, “An integrated study of engineering analysis, design, and engineering systems forprofessional background, planned and carried out to stimulate creative and imaginative thinking”[4]. The NCEES Model Law starts the definition of the Practice of Engineering as “any serviceor creative work” [5]. Despite this, while ABET defines engineering design as “an iterative,creative, decision-making process” [6] and Criterion 5 requires engineering programs to includea culminating engineering design experience in their programs, it has yet to explicitly requiredemonstration of creativity or innovation as a student outcome. It is the authors’ opinion that

Conference Session

CIT Division Technical Session #2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Nelson, Texas A&M University; Brent Donham, Texas A&M University - Commerce

, and/or networks. System software means software and/or applications developed internally within The Texas A&M System or the RELLIS Academic Alliance. Project means a planned individual or collaborative effort to achieve a specified goal and/or product. Course assignment means a required task assigned to a student in a given course, whether it contributes to a final grade in a given course or not. Research studies means a scientific systematic investigation focused on the discovery of new facts, answering research questions, or the practical application of a given theory. Academic Alliance Member (AAM) is any institution or organization associated with the RELLIS Academic Alliance. These include TAMUS and non-TAMUS members and

Conference Session

PCEE Session 11: Engineering Outreach / Summer Programs

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maya Denton, University of Texas at Austin; Bryant Chambers; Indu Venu Sabaraya; Navid Saleh, University of Texas at Austin; Mary Kirisits, University of Texas at Austin

lectures on water filter design.Each group of students utilized code in Microsoft® Excel (Redmond, WA) to facilitate theirfilter design and validated their design with a project team member. Using a maximum of $60per group to purchase materials, the groups constructed their filters. They tested their filters forparticle removal at the local university, and each group gave a final oral presentation on theirproject. Materials for Engineering Module 2 include the lesson plan, problem statement, studentequation sheet, an example filter schematic, grading rubric, and Excel design worksheet. In the year 4 AP physics course, the project team conducted Engineering Module 3 (fourmeetings), which focused on bridge design. We gave a lecture on free

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division ASCE Liaison Committee - Accreditation and Curriculums - What Changes Are Occurring?

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Swenty, Virginia Military Institute; Brian Swenty, University of Evansville

Receives Aid or Cheats on the FE or PE Exam - Barred from completing the exam or 6 (No) given a passing grade. 23 A licensee is required to maintain for at least 6 years of all preliminary and final plans, 5 (No) documents, computations, and records of sealed docs 24 Engineers must disclose to principal employer when engaging in supplemental 4 (No) engineering work 25 Engineers who are

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 1: Looking at Study Abroad through an enhanced lens

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Meredith Blumthal; Luis Rodriguez; James Stubbins, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Brian Woodard, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Gretchen Forman, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Molly Goldstein, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Hannah Dougherty, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Ernest-John Ignacio, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Dawn Owens, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

theabsence of student mobility, it is not just a short-term solution to the disruption campuses facetoday. COIL should be part of a comprehensive plan to advance internationalization foruniversities. Virtual engagement programs such as COIL and study abroad are not "zero-sum"alternatives, rather they complement one another and provide a more rich and seamlessexperience for students. The expansion of traditional study abroad alone will not meet the needsof engineering students. In fact, since COIL is not location-specific, students and faculty at 2multiple sites are able to participate in a single COIL course, something not possible for moststudy abroad

Conference Session

Statics and Dynamics Topics

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rachel Vitali, The University of Iowa; Emma Treadway, Trinity University; Aaron Johnson, University of Michigan; Jessica Swenson, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Alice Nightingale, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Nicole Ramo, West Chester University; Martell Bell, The University of Iowa

courses—as well as one instructor’sexperiences with OEMPs in a dynamics courses—to more fully investigate the transferability ofOEMPs into undergraduate introductory dynamics courses at multiple institutions.This paper first describes our process for collaboratively creating new dynamics OEMPs based onformalizing guidelines and sharing lessons learned from statics OEMPs development. We discussreflections from the faculty members about the value and challenges of designing a dynamicsOEMP. We then describe how initial observational feedback was collected from undergraduatesat multiple institutions who assessed the new OEMPs from a student perspective. Next, we presentthe OEMP assignments we created. The paper concludes by describing our plan for

Conference Session

ERM: Conceptualizations of Engineering and Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Theresa Green, Utah State University; Angela Minichiello, Utah State University; Amy Wilson-Lopez, Utah State University - Engineering Education

to reschedule the missed day and ensure that thesubsequent sessions were scheduled in accordance with the data collection timeline.The researcher also remained flexible when choosing dates and times to conduct the two-hourobservations. On some days, the engineer would plan to attend meetings in which they would bediscussing secret or propriety information that was not appropriate for the researcher to observe.The researcher and engineer would schedule the observation window around these types ofmeetings, even if it meant deviating from the regular meetings that had been agreed upon.Remaining agile enabled the researcher to accommodate these types of needs in the engineers’work schedules while also adhering to the research timeline and

Conference Session

Statics Fanatics 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Lani; Charlotte De Vries, Pennsylvania State University, Behrend College

, individual instructors are still encouraged to teach towards their strengths andallow recitation to unify course goals across the sections.Results:To explore the efficacy of the recitation course, the plan is to examine the passing rate ofstudents with similar exam scores both with and without the course. In the fall of 2020, therecitation course was not offered to students and thus will serve as a baseline for student gradecomparison. Statics classes are limited to 30 or less students per section and typically six sectionsare taught in the fall with three additional sections in the spring. Although baseline data wascollected during the COVID pandemic, students were able to choose their mode of choice (in-person, hybrid, or asynchronous online) with

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Demos and Interactives

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aminul Islam Khan, Washington State University; Olivia Reynolds, Washington State University; Mohammad Hossan, University of Central Oklahoma; David Thiessen, Washington State University; Bernard Van Wie, Washington State University; Prashanta Dutta, Washington State University

methods, neural network, and deep/machine learning for adeno-associated virus and liposome characterization. In 2020, he was awarded the best Research Assistant award by the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University. Khan plans to pursue a teaching career upon earning his Ph.D.Olivia Reynolds (Graduate Student) Olivia received her PhD in chemical engineering from Washington State University in 2022. Her research is focused on the development and assessment of low-cost, hands-on learning tools for fluid mechanics and heat transfer. She plans to remain at Washington State University where she will teach the first-year engineering courses and develop the first-year engineering

Conference Session

ERM: Instruction and Engagement

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yonghee Lee, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); David Evenhouse, Purdue Engineering Education; Edward Berger, Professor of Engineering Education and Mechanical Engineering; Jeffrey Rhoads, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Jennifer Deboer, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Anastasia Rynearson, Campbell University

reflect the local curriculumSarah adapted the Freeform environment to her institutional context by adjusting herexpectations about content coverage and pace to reflect the local curriculum for her students. Sheelaborated a key intention of her instructional adaptation. Sarah said, “the biggest change is I didnot understand the difference in our students versus Purdue students.” At the beginning of thesemester, Sarah found that many of her students had difficulties in understanding fundamentalconcepts of the Dynamics. Thus, instead of covering planned contents, she decided to spendmore time teaching her students the fundamental concepts in Chapter Zero from the Lecturebook(which reviews prerequisite material including calculus content). Sarah

Conference Session

Professional Skills and Community Building in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Chen

developed a community within our class- because many of us worked with partners to do them. It also made me dig deeper because I wanted to make sure my answer was correct for my classmates.This quote shows how this student saw the connection between completing the exercise and howdoing so was helping to build community within the course. The second is in relation to thequestion of which community building activities were most meaningful to them. Having groups for problem sets! We ended up organizing Zoom calls that weren't about chemE on multiple occasions and plan to hang out in person once covid is over. It will be nice to have built this network of friends in later chemE classes.As our goal was, in part, to

Conference Session

Social Identities and STEM Experiences: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lizabeth Thompson, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Andrew Chan, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Julia Cannon, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Jane Lehr, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

-long projectreview presentation and discussion. Each review has EWB-USA mentors, Cal Poly, SLO faculty,and EWB Cal Poly, SLO students, and alumni in attendance. Typically, 30 to 40 people attendthese virtual meetings. Project teams present their current project plans on assessment andproject design and are able to get detailed feedback from everyone in attendance. Project ReviewNight is meant to allow teams to meet and find advisors in a variety of fields of expertise and isintended so that teams could identify and recognize problems early on in the project process.Lastly, this process allows for all members of EWB Cal Poly, SLO to periodically get updates onthe status of the other project teams, as well as making sure teams organize their

Conference Session

Social Justice and the Curriculum: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raghu Pucha, Georgia Institute of Technology; Terri Dunbar, Georgia Institute of Technology; Ruth Yow, Georgia Institute of Technology

Technology) © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Role of diverse teams and socio-cultural aspects on student learning in freshman design courseI. IntroductionThe 10-Year Plan (2022 – 2032) on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion at Georgia Institute of Tech-nology1 is focused on three mutually supporting pillars of change: (i) Creating an equitable andinclusive community (ii) Recruiting, retaining, and developing a diverse community of students,faculty, and staff and (iii) Supporting innovative and inclusive scholarship and teaching. Inclu-sive teaching practices ensure all students have opportunities to learn

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods (ERM) Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheryl Resch, University of Florida; Patriel Stapleton, University of Florida; Benjamin Rheault, University of Florida; Amy Wu, University of Florida; Christina Gardner-McCune, University of Florida

students' solving skills and self-awareness of their software developmentprocess. Several papers pointed out that students find reflection difficult and suggest ways toscaffold the process. Prior et. al [5], Coffey and Owsnicky [6][7]and Nylen and Issomottonen[8] reported on adding reflective writing to software engineering courses and discussed how toencourage students to thoughtfully participate in the activity, such as including lengthrequirements. Caruso et. al [9] reported on having first year CS students reflect on how theycould improve their software development process. They found that the plans students createdwere often vague and that they need scaffolding for developing reflection skills. Kakavouli andMetaxas [10] experimented with

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Alexander, California State University, Chico; Michael Kotar, California State University, Chico; JoAna Brooks, California State University, Chico

with learning outcomes and their planned in-class activities or at least a rough draft.Throughout the academic year, faculty participate in FLCs lead by the CEMUR leadership teamon various topics including EM, mentoring undergraduates, assessment, and lessons learned.These meetings provide an opportunity to interact with colleagues, learn about new andinnovative teaching methods, and get support or ask questions about the CURE-e.At the end of the semester, student feedback is collected through an Institutional Review Board(IRB) approved CURE-e Assessment Report. The goal of the assessment is to measure thedegree to which a student feels connected to their STEM field and if they recognize thecharacteristics and activities associated with being

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Streiner, University of Pittsburgh; Daniel Burkey, University of Connecticut; Michael Young, University of Connecticut; Richard Cimino, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Jennifer Pascal, University of Connecticut; Kevin Dahm, Rowan University

plan is being followed in Year 2: • Fall semester – DIT2/EERI + Concept Maps + Group Discussions • Spring semester – gaming interventions and post-survey using the pilot survey described above + Group DiscussionsIn future years, we will continue to collect data on students’ baseline levels of ethical knowledgeand reasoning. More qualitative data via group discussions will be gathered pre and post games,and observations of students playing the games will also be explored.AcknowledgementsThis research is being funded by the National Science Foundation, “Collaborative Research:Learning Engineering Ethics Through High-Impact Collaborative and Competitive Scenarios”(IUSE – 1934702).References[1] Streiner, Scott C., Daniel D. Burkey

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zahed Siddique, University of Oklahoma; Md Tanvir Ahad, University of Oklahoma; Wei Sun; Jiaze Gao, University of Oklahoma

andFall 2020. In the future, we plan to extend the evaluation to additional years with the samemethodology. A few recommendations to enhance teamwork for project-based learning are: (i)The project report may be submitted in multiple stages based on the progress; (ii) Team-mateevaluation could be implanted to ensure the involvement of the all-group members; (iii)Accountability could be achieved by dividing the work among the members and by providingnecessary materials on project management.AcknowledgmentsThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No.1700640. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this materialare those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect

Conference Session

CIT Division Technical Session #9

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Mujeye

remote wipe. The rating will be on a 5-point scale ranging from 1(stronglyagree) to 5 (strongly disagree).Data backup and disaster recovery. Participants will rate how they deal with data backup and disasterrecovery. The questions include having a backup plan for data and Apps, the insurance of mobile devices,and the ability to restore data and Apps in the event of a failure. The rating will be on a 5-point scaleranging from 1(strongly agree) to 5 (strongly disagree)Perception of security. Participants will rate how they perceive mobile device security. The questionsinclude their perception of the importance of mobile device security in general, how they perceive threats,and the importance of having antivirus software on their device. The rating