Conference Session

Building BIM into Construction Curricula

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arundhati Ghosh, Arizona State University; Kristen Parrish PhD, Arizona State University; Allan Dee Chasey, Del E Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

used for evaluating the effectiveness of thevertical integration approach.IntroductionConstruction Management (CM) education is a holistic field within academia typically distinctfrom architectural and engineering curriculums, primarily focused on teaching the ‘business ofmanaging the construction process with the changing technology of the industry’ (1). BuildingInformation Modeling (BIM) is one such technology popular amongst the Architecture-Engineering and Construction (AEC) industries that makes use of the embedded intelligence indigital design and construction data to inform the construction management process. Theindustry has embraced BIM as a technological, cultural and philosophical concept, reapingbenefits such as time and money

Conference Session

Computing in the classroom

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zahra Shahbazi, Manhattan College; sina Shahbazmohamadi, University of Connecticut

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

universities.IntroductionThrough the long history of teaching and learning, the medium of the interaction between theeducator and learner has evolved from merely oral interaction between teacher and students tothe recent tablets and smart devices. Advances in technology have played a significant role indeveloping new methods and devices for interaction. Table 1 1 summarizes a handful of devicesused during such an evolution since 1650 and a brief description of how they work.The advent of computers is by far one of the most important turning points in this field.Computers and subsequently internet provided the educators with a treasure trove of materials,images and already developed media to be used in their classrooms. Several softwares began todevelop to enhance the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David L. Soldan, Kansas State University; Don Gruenbacher, Kansas State University; Noel N. Schulz, Kansas State University; Blythe A Vogt PE, Kansas State University; William Bowes Hageman, Kansas State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

. Page 23.620.5Project SuccessStudent success (C or better) in Calculus 1 (or higher) and follow-on entry level engineeringcourses will be the primary evaluation metric. Students and evaluation metrics will be tracked asindividuals enter the program and reported when a significant number of metrics areaccumulated.It is important to evaluate the experiences of interested veterans to determine their preparationfor academic study, including the evaluation of military education and experience for academiccredit and/or advanced placement. The comprehensive evaluation of this phase of the programcannot take place until the accelerated programs are in place. However, initial feedback will begathered from veterans concerning their perceived abilities

Conference Session

Curriculum and Program Developments, Exchanges, Collaborations, and Partnerships

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hong Zhang, Rowan University; Jess W. Everett, Rowan University; Jennifer Kadlowec, Rowan University; Sean COffey COffey; Andrea Rose McFarland, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

International

RowanUniversity students has been working with the local people of the Gambia on variousprojects. In the fall of 2011, the Rowan team collaborated with a team from theUniversity of the Gambia on three projects:1) Develop an easy-to-follow technology to make fuel briquettes from peanut shells and to substitute firewood;2) Survey local water supplies for a group of 8 villages in a remote area of the Gambia;3) Inspect an important road connecting the villages to the outer world.In January 2012, the two teams met and went together to the 8 villages in rural Gambia.They interviewed the villagers, promoted the briquette making technologies, andprovided recommendations to improve the maintenance of water wells and roads.1 Introduction      The Gambia is

Conference Session

Case Studies in Entrepreneurship

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Raviv, Florida Atlantic University; Alex Kotlarchyk

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

innovation and business skills not normally taught in a typical engineeringclassroom environment (Fig. 1). Figure 1: Innovation/Business Skills These skills include, but are not limited to:  Problem solving and entrepreneurial skills, such as explorative, divergent, convergent and critical thinking. Other examples are intuition, inquiry, estimation, knowledge integration, the ability to act on ideas, and direct, no-nonsense communication.  “Big picture” and entrepreneurial skills, such as the observation of problems in wider contexts, and familiarity with non-engineering disciplines. Concepts include economic, political

Conference Session

Software and Web-based Learning in ECE

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dileepan Joseph P.Eng., University of Alberta

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

administrators, he succeeded via a transition fromprocedural C++, with a virtual robot called Karel, to MATLAB, with a video game calledGorillas. These two versions of the course are compared and contrasted, with a focus on theauthor’s own contributions. Furthermore, the pedagogical approach is compared and contrastedwith that of relevant literature. As with the state of the art, the work argues in favour of teachingintroductory programming using MATLAB. Unlike the state of the art, the proposed approachexploits video game design and iterative and incremental development. Effectiveness of thecontributions are demonstrated through student, peer, and self assessments.1. IntroductionAt the University of Alberta, all 1st year engineers take a 12-week course

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael L.W. Jones, PhD Candidate Faculty of Information, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Student

. Page 23.625.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 From Serious Leisure to Knowing Organizations: Information and Knowledge Management Challenges in Project-Based Learning Student Engineering TeamsIntroduction Critiques of contemporary engineering education have highlighted issues of limitedapplied and “soft” skills development [5], retention issues in STEM education [13] and concernabout a mismatch with industry demands for graduates [1]. Facing similar challenges, medical and nursing schools have leveraged problem-basedlearning (PBL) strategies where students engage medical cases collaboratively and independently,with faculty serving as

Conference Session

"Best" of BED

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Megan F. Campanile, Illinois Institute of Technology; Frederick Doe, illinois institute of technology; Elana Rose Jacobs, Illinois Institute of Technology; Norman G Lederman, Illinois Institute of Technology; Eric M Brey, Illinois Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

-year collegein the Midwest funded for over 7 years. In a previous study we found that REU studentsinteracted more frequently with graduate students than their faculty advisor while in the program.In this study we examined more closely the role of the graduate student mentors and how itdirectly influenced the REU student experience. Two data sources analyzed in this study werepre- and post-program surveys and semi-structured interviews, both administered to the REUstudents. Three main themes emerged from the data, including: 1) Academics and Careers, 2)Teaching and Learning, and 3) Building Relationships. When examining the nature of these interactions, 75% of REU students reported havinginfluential experience with their graduate student

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University; Aleksandr Sergeyev, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

-Transistor Logic and CMOS:Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductors) have been replaced by Programmable LogicDevices (CPLD: Complex Programmable Logic Devices and FPGA) [1, 2, 3]. Today, a morestandard development process is widely used in industry. The process uses Hardware DescriptionLanguages as a design entry to describe the digital systems. The two most widely used HardwareDescription Languages in industry are VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit HardwareDescription Language) and Verilog (Verifying Logic). Although most traditional electrical andcomputer engineering programs have updated their curriculum to include topics in hardwaredescription language and programmable logic design (FPGA/CPLD), two-year and four-yearelectrical engineering

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cole C McDaniel, California Polytechnic State University; Graham C. Archer P.Eng, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

of the experiments so thatstudents can more readily connect the results with the real world. In an effort to improve studentlearning in structural dynamics, forced vibration testing2,3,4 of buildings on the Cal Poly campushas been conducted. Page 23.628.2The Bridge House, a one-story building spanning a small seasonal creek, was constructed in19665 by undergraduate students in the Cal Poly outdoor experimental construction laboratory.The goal of the project was to create a structure that utilized the rough terrain of the nine acrecanyon (see Figure 1). The building has served many purposes over the years including housingfor the canyon

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca Arielle Citrin, Lafayette College; Arthur D. Kney, Lafayette College

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

written explanation as to why they chose an answer, the data can be analyzed morecritically to ensure students are not only repeating material learned through the game, but canunderstand the importance and applications of this information presented.1 Page 23.629.3During the initial assessment, students will be asked to complete a Personal Meaning Map basedon a certain word or phrase presented, such as the Environment, and will be asked to illustratewith words, phrases or images what they know about this topic. During the post assessment,students will be given their original PMM and will be asked to modify their drawing, using adifferent color

Conference Session

New Approaches and Applications to Enhance Technological Literacy - Part II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katy Luchini-Colbry, Michigan State University; Dirk Colbry, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

bookreaders are easy-to-use and will transform the way that consumers work and play – yet manypeople find these gadgets to be confusing and frustrating.We describe the development of a non-credit, personal enrichment course for novice adults that(1) explains the fundamental technologies underlying popular consumer gadgets; (2) guidesparticipants in identifying their goals for using technology; and (3) helps participants findappropriate solutions. The course is designed partly as an opportunity to “touch” newtechnologies, with the instructors providing a variety of gadgets and participants encouraged tobring their personal devices.This course was developed as part of the outreach activities of Michigan State University(MSU), and the curriculum was

Conference Session

Experience in Assessing Technological Literacy

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Krupczak, Hope College; Mani Mina, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

on specific technological systems. In this situation,engineering programs should share some of the responsibility in helping to educate allAmericans about technology.1–5In undergraduate education formidable barriers exist to discourage non-engineers from trying todevelop an in-depth understanding about technology and engineering. The engineering major is ahighly-sequenced and lengthy course of study. Access to the major is hindered by a significantarray of prerequisite courses. In these circumstances it is difficult to combine the study ofengineering with any other undergraduate major.Most undergraduate programs require some type of science course as part of the general

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ying Tang, Rowan University; Sachin Shetty, Tennessee State University; Kauser Jahan, Rowan University; John P Henry, Sustainable Learning Systems; S. Keith Hargrove, Tennessee State University; Talbot Bielefeldt, International Society for Technology in Education

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

experiences into the pre-engineering classrooms and to promotescience and engineering design. The design and implementation of the game are described indetail with the focus on the CI features, metacognitive strategies, context-oriented approaches aswell as their seamless integration into core game play.INTRODUCTIONK-12 education is facing the challenge of educating all children to meet higher standards in areasof science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). For instance, schooling remainshighly departmentalized, stratified and continues to teach subjects in isolation, with little or noattempts to draw connections among the STEM disciplines [1]. Schools have not kept pace withthe transformative technological revolution to bring much

Conference Session

Issues of Outreach and Interest in Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sara A. Atwood, Elizabethtown College; Joshua M Frey, Elizabethtown College

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

economy alone [1]. While producingmore engineers is a complex systemic challenge, one of the major hurdles is the lack of studentsentering the pipeline to higher education in STEM fields [2]. Outreach programs to K-12students have been established to address the lack of excitement and knowledge about theengineering field amongst younger students. While there are many engineering companies, non-profit organizations, and individualsthat support localized outreach, most K12 students still do not have substantial exposure toengineering, and there continues to be unmet demand for trained engineers. As a field, we needto motivate more individual engineers to support and perform K12 outreach. One model forexamining the motivation to perform some

Conference Session

Culture, Race, and Gender Issues

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard F. Vaz, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Paula Quinn, Quinn Evaluation Consulting; Arthur C Heinricher, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Kent J Rissmiller, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Conference Session

Starting Them Early

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monica E Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Gina Navoa Svarovsky, Science Museum of Minnesota; Brianna L Dorie, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

, Zdanna Tranby2 & Scott Van Cleave2 1 Purdue University, 2 Science Museum of MinnesotaAbstractExploring the gender differences in how children develop early interest and understanding inengineering can provide useful information for the ongoing efforts to address the low numbers ofwomen who pursue engineering careers. By the time girls reach middle school, they are alreadymuch less likely to be interested in STEM careers than boys are, especially for fields that aremath-intensive such as physics and engineering. This lack of interest has been connected to anarrow and often inaccurate view of the engineering profession and the perceived misalignmentbetween what engineers do and what girls value in future

Conference Session

Embedded Systems and Mobile Computing

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maurice F. Aburdene, Bucknell University; Marie Catherine Pizzorno, Department of Biology, Bucknell University; Alexander P Thompson, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

complementary sequences of a four character alphabet (AGTC)representing the nucleotides, as shown in Figure 1. Page 23.636.3 Figure 1: A representation of a flattened segment of a double-sided DNA strandMeeting 1: Introduction2, 3, 4, 5, 6This meeting consisted of an introduction to the course, of students, course objectives, andcourse grading. The promise of genomics was discussed by referencing articles from both thepopular press and technical literature. Additional discussion points included fundamental tools,microscopes and spectrum analyzers, advances in computer chips, sequencing methods, andbioinformatics. Lastly, the students were engaged in

Conference Session

Visualization tools and uses in graphics

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James A Wronecki, East Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

of limitations is the enemy of art” by Orson Welles, challenges theauthor to educate future artisans, designers, and technicians with guiding limitations topromote higher-order critical thinking, illuminating perceptual intuition, and expansiveexercises of creative activity. Again, to these ends, we relate a Geometric Unity theory toancient Euclidean Geometric Constructions to provide constraint-based methods tocreation of basic shapes and forms. The obliging vigor of this approach binds visualthinking, form construction, and creative resolutions to the enlightening revolving ofsimple geometer’s tools: straight-edge and compass and their modern CAD tools, 1)straight-line and 2) circle created from the center-out. The constrained challenge

Conference Session

First-Year Programs (FPD) Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Silverstein, University of California, Los Angeles

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

, more than half switched to a different, non-engineering, STEM major.This paper describes the course. The Background that led to this course is contained atAppendix 1.For the past 5 years I have taught an upper-division undergraduate course in engineering careerskills and ethics at UCLA. (see Appendix 2, Syllabus of ENG185 “The Art of EngineeringEndeavors” .) As part of the class, students write a short, ungraded biography which describestheir reasons and preparation for their engineering studies. In addition, students take a survey(also ungraded) that further illuminates their preparation and interests relative to engineering andan engineering career (Appendix 3.) Based upon the information I collected and the experience Igained talking to and

Conference Session

Outstanding Contributions to Student Learning through Laboratory Experiences

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Clark Hochgraf, Rochester Institute of Technology (CAST); Richard Cliver, Rochester Institute of Technology (CAST); David S Martins, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

. Page 23.639.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013  1 of 15 Getting More Learning From Labs – Six Principles to Build Understandingand SkillAbstractThis paper describes an approach to increasing student learning in engineering labs based onrecent education research [1-4] and industry needs [5]. A set of six guiding principles fordesigning lab exercises are presented. The principles are illustrated in the context of anundergraduate laboratory course in Digital Signal Processing where the pedagogy has evolvedover four years. Changes to the labs were driven by the desire to motivate students’ engagement,improve

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sean Moseley, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

screencasts to support and reinforce (but not replace) regular classroominstruction are given. Feedback from the author’s own experiences is used to support the utilityof these types of screencasts.A range of software and hardware tools existAt its most basic form, Figure 1, screencasting requires only two steps—recording the screen andencoding the recording in a standard format. A great way to get your feet wet with screencastingis to start with this very simple process and see if it works for you. Figure 1. The most basic screencasting process requires two steps.The author began creating screencasts of homework solutions for an analysis-heavy class usingJing from TechSmith (http://www.techsmith.com/jing.html) for both of these steps

Conference Session

Outreach to K-12 Females

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christina Kay White, University of Texas, Austin; Richard H. Crawford, University of Texas, Austin; Austin Bates Talley, University of Texas, Austin; Anthony J Petrosino Jr, The University of Texas at Austin ; Kristen Bland, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

. Dr. Crawford’s research interests span topics in computer-aided mechanical design and design theory and methodology, including: (1) research in computer representations to support con- ceptual design, design for manufacture and assembly, and design retrieval; (2) developing computational representations and tools to support exploration of very complex engineering design spaces; (3) research in solid free-form fabrication, including geometric processing, control, design tools, manufacturing ap- plications; and (4) design and development of energy harvesting systems. Dr. Crawford is co-founder of the DTEACh program, a ”Design Technology” program for K-12, and is active on the faculty of the UTeachEngineering program

Conference Session

Problem- and project-based learning in environmental engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Cardenas, Harvey Mudd College; David Wayne Kelley, Department of Geography, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, MN; Warren Roberts

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

withGIS, were taught ArcGIS (a GIS mapping program) in the context of an IntroductoryEnvironmental Engineering course. Students learned how to map locations, find and downloadgeo-encoded data, and join data layers, in order to graphically present toxic release hazards neartheir home towns. ArcGIS skills and knowledge were assessed through completion of homeworkproblems, and through the students’ use of GIS data, software, and mapping during the design ofa debris flow barrier for a local wilderness land parcel.Assignment #1 consisted of students learning how to map and characterize toxic releases neartheir hometowns; these data were downloaded into a spreadsheet for later use in the ArcGISsoftware package. In Assignment #2, the students used

Conference Session

Hands-on/Experiential Learning

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daria A Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado Boulder; Chiang Shih, Florida A&M University/Florida State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

, we highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the FIPSE-SEAEP, withrespect to international capstone design project courses, and give recommendations forimproving the program, which center on project-based courses.BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that international experiences for students can promotecross-cultural understanding, enhanced knowledge and skills, as well as globalpreparedness.1-3 Additionally, research in engineering education has demonstrated thatproject-based courses can increase student retention, motivation, problem-solving ability,communication skills, knowledge retention, teamwork skills and the capacity for self-directed learning. 4-8 The FIPSE-Sustainable Energy and Aeronautical EngineeringProgram (SEAEP) places a

Conference Session

Socio-cultural Dimensions of Community Engagement

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brent K Jesiek, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Anne Elizabeth Dare, Purdue University; Julia D Thompson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Tiago R Forin, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

participating students,including: 1) demographics, 2) results from Political and Social Involvement Scale (PSIS) surveyquestions, 3) Cultural Intelligence (CQ), 4) quantitative evaluation scores for all major eventcomponents, and 5) qualitative results from three open-ended event evaluation questions.The major goals of this paper include: characterizing the engineering students who opt into thesekinds of programs, providing faculty and staff at other institutions with inspiration and guidancefor organizing similar kinds of training opportunities, and exploring strategies for systematicallyassessing the effectiveness of such events. This work is important as part of ongoing efforts toexplore how engineering curricula can be expanded to address a wider

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Justin L Hess, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Applications of Engineering Ethics Education: A Systematic Literature ReviewIntroduction Engineering education plays a crucial role in leading students to develop thecompetencies needed to succeed in a global world .1 Engineering educators now seek to helpstudents foster a “global perspective” in order to thrive in the global environment2, yet theirfocus has a tendency to be on the economic incentives of so doing.3,4 Dewey stated long ago, “Ifever we are to be governed by intelligence, not by things and by words, science (andengineering, I add) must have something to say about what we do, and not merely about how wemay do it most easily and economically”.5 Ethics education is one arena for such discourse.The contemporary

Conference Session

Curriculum and Program Developments, Exchanges, Collaborations, and Partnerships

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eck Doerry, Northern Arizona University; Harvey Charles, Northern Arizona University

Tagged Divisions

International

global marketplace. In Germany, for instance,upwards of 25% of all engineering students engage in at least one study-abroad or internationalinternship experience [2]; by sharp contrast, only 3.5% of U.S. engineering students go abroadduring their studies [1].Given the recognized national urgency of better preparing our engineering graduates for globalpractice [21][12][7][4][15], it is surprising how little progress has towards this goal has beenmade on a broad national level. Some institutions have responded to these new imperatives byworking harder to integrate global perspectives on campus, typically within the “general studies”curriculum. At Northern Arizona University, for example, our campus-wide Global LearningInitiative [3] provides

Conference Session

General Topics in Graduate Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mahnas Jean Mohammadi-Aragh, Virginia Tech; Lisa DuPree McNair, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

Page 23.647.2future teachers must demonstrate their ability and knowledge before they will be licensed toteach. The less common institutional portfolio consists of artifacts gathered from student andteaching portfolios, and is used to evaluate the institution rather than assessing the individualstudents. In this paper, we are investigating institutional portfolios for programmatic assessment.In other words, while student portfolios may be judged to individually provide feedback andfurther student degree progress, students do not receive a grade, per se. Student portfolios arebeing used to grade or assess the graduate program.Suskie15 gives five criteria for evaluating assessment. Specifically, good assessment should 1)originate from clear and

Conference Session

Training and Mentoring of Graduate Teaching Assistants

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rachel Louis Kajfez, Virginia Tech; Holly M Matusovich, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

theirFYEPs, but they do indicate that training is provided through other venues at the universitywhich helps them improve their teaching.IntroductionGraduate teaching assistants (GTAs) are a vital component to engineering courses includingmany first-year engineering programs (FYEPs). FYEPs tend to be large in size, having multiplesections of the same class requiring the use of GTAs whose roles vary across institutions frominstructional staff to lab supervisors to graders.1-4 Despite the widespread use of GTAs inengineering, especially in FYEPs, little is known about GTA’s experiences from the perspectiveof the GTA. While there are studies that describe and evaluate preparation courses for GTAs,evaluations tend to be short-term (e.g., right after the