Collection

2009 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Bruce Dvorak; Dennis Schulte; Mary Garbacz; Shari Aldrich; David Admiraal; Julia Soulakova

Collection

2010 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Shauna A. Morimoto; Anna M. Zajicek; Valerie H. Hunt; Joseph J. Rencis

and More Than You Think: A Status Report on Gender Diversity in Biomedical Engineering,” Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 38, No. 5, pp. 1928-1935, 2010.   Proceedings of the 2010 Midwest Section Conference of the American Society for Engineering Education  15   8. Canes, B. J., and Rosen, H. S., “Following in her footsteps? Faculty Gender Composition and Women’s Choices of College Majors,” Industrial & Labor Relations Review, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 486-504, 1995.9. Sonnert, G., Fox, M. F., and Adkins, K., “Undergraduate Women in

Collection

2010 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Andrew Grossfield P.E.

integration about 1906.During the 1700’s, developments in mathematical theory were dominated by Leonhard Euler.Euler had more mathematical insight, made more mathematical discoveries and had moremathematical fun than anyone else either before or since except maybe Erdos. However, theviews of Euler on the nature of mathematics differed sharply from the views of the nineteenthcentury mathematicians. In fact, he understood a function to be in the constellation of ideasregarding equations in two variables, curves and tables. To quote David M. Bressoud4: … to the mathematicians before 1807, functions were polynomials, roots, powers, and logarithms; trigonometric functions and their inverses; and whatever could be built up by addition

Collection

2010 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Beth Richards; Karen Walsh

Bonnie Lisle. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2007.13. Frederickson, George M. “Models of Ethnic Relations: A Historical Perspective.” Rereading America: CulturalContexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Ed. Gary Columbo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. Bedford/St.Martin’s, 2007.14. Parillo, Vincent M. “Causes of Prejudice.” Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking andWriting. Ed. Gary Columbo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2007.15. Nugent, pp. 189-90.16. Dunwoody, A. Bruce, Patrick J. Cramond, Susan E. Nesbit, Carla S. Peterson, and Tatiana N. Teslenko.Fundamental Competencies for Engineers. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2006.17. Wolfe, Joanna. “How Technical Communication Textbooks Fail Engineering

Conference Session

ELOS Technical Session 6: Bring Your Own Experiment!

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Richard Midiri, Rowan University; Kathy Trieu, Rowan University; Wei Xue, Rowan University; Mitja Trkov, Rowan University; Cassandra Sue Ellen Jamison, Rowan University; Smitesh Bakrania, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)

, the simplicity of the project naturally yields the project to be used in awide variety of learning environments and student learners. When implementation does occur, the generatedresults would need to be studied and further modifications would be made to the teaching approach.Eventually, the module and learning materials along with the project will be made highly accessible toeducators through a centralized soft robotic teaching website being developed at Rowan University.AcknowledgementsThis material is based upon work partially supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No.2235647. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this material are thoseof the authors(s) and do not necessarily reflect the

Conference Session

Innovative Strategies for Enhancing Engineering Education Across Diverse Learning Environments

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Todd Jeffrey Freeborn, The University of Alabama

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)

Paper ID #41346Comparison of Engineering and Computer Science Student Performance andOpinions of Instruction of a Microcomputers Course Across Delivery FormatsDr. Todd Jeffrey Freeborn, The University of Alabama Todd Freeborn, PhD, is an associate professor with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at The University of Alabama. Through NSF funding, he has coordinated REU Sites for engineering students to explore renewable resources and speech pathology. He is also the coordinator for an NSF S-STEM program to prepare students for gateway courses across different disciplines of engineering to support and

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI) Technical Session 8

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rana Hussein, Boston University; Muhammad Hamid Zaman, Boston University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)

., Dzombak, R., & Martin, S. (2018). Building 21st century skills through development engineering. International Journal of Engineering Education, 34, 619-631. 9. Passino K. M. (2009). Educating the humanitarian engineer. Science and engineering ethics, 15(4), 577–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-009-9184-8 10. Baaoum, M. (2018). Humanizing Engineering Education: A Comprehensive Model for Fostering Humanitarian Engineering Education. International Journal of Modern Education Studies, 2(1), 1-23. 11. U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2023, March). Addressing Challenges of Forced Displacement through STEM Education: A Workshop. https://www.nationalacademies.org/event/03-09-2023

Collection

2012 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Mauro J. Caputi

end of thesemester. Over 95% of the students write favorable comments about the Lecture, includingcomments for improvements. The feedback has been used to modify and strengthen severalportions of the Lecture media and Class Workbook.BIBLIOGRAPHY[1] Caputi, M. J., DESIGN 15 Class Workbook & Lab Manual, Season 11 - Fall 2011. Hofstra Engineering Dept., 2011.[2] Hacker, M., Burghardt, D, Technology Education: Learning by Design. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004.[3] Hill, P. J., The Science of Engineering Design. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970.[4] Niku, S. B., Creative Design of Products and Systems. Wiley, 2009.[5] Hofstra First-Year Connections. URL http://www.hofstra.edu/Academics/Colleges/Hclas/FYC/index.html

Collection

2012 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Yacob Astatke; Craig Scott; Kemi Ladeji-Osias; Petronella James

,” International Journal of Continuing Education Lifelong Learning, 2010, vol. 3, Issue: 1, pp: 53-71.[7]. R. Oliver, “Exploring Benchmarks and Standards for Assuring Quality Online Teaching and Learning in Higher Education,” Proceedings of the 16th Open Distance Learning Association of Australia Biennial Forum, Canberra, October 2003.[8]. D. Millard, M. Chouikha, and F. Berry, "Improving Student Intuition via Rensselaer‛s New Mobile Studio Pedagogy", ASEE 2007 Annual Conference, Honolulu, HW, June 2007.[9]. K. Conner, et. al., “Multi-Institutional Development of Mobile Studio Based Education and Outreach,” 2011 American Society of Engineering Education (ASEE) Annual Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, June 26-29, 2011.[10

Collection

2012 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Lunal Khuon; Timothy Camise; Clayton Bannan; Kevin Buckley

, S., Singh, P., O’Brien, J, Jones, G., Char, E., Mer- cede, F., Weinstein, R., and Yost, J., Project-Based Freshman Engineering Experience: The Core Course, ASEE Annual Meeting, 2010. 2. Nitzan, M., Automatic Noninvasive Measurement of Arterial Blood Pressure, IEEE Instru- mentation & Measurement Magazine, pp. 32-37, Feb. 2011. 3. Neuman, M., Measurement of Blood Pressure, IEEE Pulse Magazine, pp. 39-44, Mar.-Apr. 2011. 4. Drzewiecki, G., Hood, R. and Apple, H., Theory of the Oscillometric Maximum and the Systolic and Diastolic Ratios, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 22, pp. 88-96, 1994. 5. Chua, C.S. and Hin, S.M., Digital Blood Pressure Meter, Freescale Semiconductor Appli- cation Note, AN1571, Rev 1

Collection

2009 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Alfred A. Scalza

motivate too many individuals. We need something more specific such as a parent telling their son or daughter to set their sights on getting “A”s because graduate school may depend on it. Edwin Loche wrote in 1960 that a person’s intention to work toward a goal that was specific, achievable and had feedback was a great motivator for most people.8 He felt that goals not only tell the person what has to be done but they give a good approximation of the amount of effort required. Also, as well as goal setting works, it works better when the goal is higher rather than lower so long as the goal was accepted by the student. Higher, not lower expectations from the teacher are motivating. Students require feedback to be motivated so

Collection

2011 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Shoba Krishnan; Ruth Davis; Marco Bravo; Melissa Gilbert

for their support. Proceedings of the 2011 PSW American Society for Engineering Education Zone IV Conference  Copyright © 2011, American Society for Engineering Education  184 References 1. Davis, R. E. (2005). Community-Based Learning Develops Diverse Engineering Workforce. In W. Aung, R. Altenkirch, T Cermak, R. W. King & L.M. S. Ruiz (Eds), Innovations 2005: World Innovations in Engineering Education and Research. pp. 7-16, Arlington VA, iNEER/Begell House Publishing. 2. Mattern, N., & Schau, C. (2002). Gender differences in science attitude-achievement relationships over time

Collection

2009 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Alfred A. Scalza

motivate too many individuals. We need something more specific such as a parent telling their son or daughter to set their sights on getting “A”s because graduate school may depend on it. Edwin Loche wrote in 1960 that a person’s intention to work toward a goal that was specific, achievable and had feedback was a great motivator for most people.8 He felt that goals not only tell the person what has to be done but they give a good approximation of the amount of effort required. Also, as well as goal setting works, it works better when the goal is higher rather than lower so long as the goal was accepted by the student. Higher, not lower expectations from the teacher are motivating. Students require feedback to be motivated so

Collection

2010 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Beth Richards; Karen Walsh

Bonnie Lisle. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2007.13. Frederickson, George M. “Models of Ethnic Relations: A Historical Perspective.” Rereading America: CulturalContexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Ed. Gary Columbo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. Bedford/St.Martin’s, 2007.14. Parillo, Vincent M. “Causes of Prejudice.” Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking andWriting. Ed. Gary Columbo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2007.15. Nugent, pp. 189-90.16. Dunwoody, A. Bruce, Patrick J. Cramond, Susan E. Nesbit, Carla S. Peterson, and Tatiana N. Teslenko.Fundamental Competencies for Engineers. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2006.17. Wolfe, Joanna. “How Technical Communication Textbooks Fail Engineering

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Don E. Malzahn, Wichita State University; Lawrence E. Whitman, Wichita State University; Zulma Toro-Ramos, Wichita State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

; !"% !"$ !"# ! #"' $"! $"' %"! %"' &"! &"' '"! '"' !"#$%$#&'()24056) *2/".7$8&.$/"*)89):1173 Figure 5. Individual impact on group consensus compared to peer perceptions of contribution.Developing and delivering the course required the collaboration of a group of individualcontributors (including students) and has been a positive experience for all. Generally theobjectives of the course have been achieved but analysis of the assessments indicates that thereare deeper issues that should be addressed as engineering students move to professional practice.References1. Crawford, Andrew S. (1998). “Leadership education at the University of Michigan

Conference Session

Innovative Instructional Strategies and Curricula in ECE I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alejandra J. Magana, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Bedrich Benes, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Modeling to Simulate and Visualize Urban Areas and byan Adobe Inc. grants Constrained Procedural Modeling.References:1. Wiggins, G., & McTighe, J. (1997). Understanding by Design: Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision andCurriculum Development.2. NVIDIA. (2010). Developer Zone. Retrieved December 20, 2010, fromhttp://developer.nvidia.com/page/cg_main.html3. Kirk, D., & Wen-mei, W. (2010). Programming massively parallel processors: A Hands-on approach: MorganKaufmann Publishers Inc. San Francisco, CA, USA.4. Sanders, J., & Kandrot, E. (2010). CUDA by Example: An Introduction to General-Purpose GPU Programming:Addison-Wesley Professional.5. Tsuchiyama, R., Nakamura, T., Iizuka, T., Asahara, A., & Miki, S. (2010). The OpenCL

Conference Session

Computer Science and Information Technology in K-12 Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura E. LeMire, Community College of Baltimore County

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

results, and maintain a record of teacher participation forContinuing Education credit. PLTW teachers signing up for a class first register via a dynamicweb-based interface and database to collect background information on their PLTW training,including the location of the STI attended, when they were trained, and the number of times theytaught a related PLTW course (if at all). The information is downloaded to an excel spreadsheetand required “student” information is manually entered into CCBC’s system. Following a set ofdetailed instructions, teachers are then able to obtain their student ID and password in order toaccess the course(s) for which they registered. The MTT instructs their counterparts from the Affiliate Universities in the

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering in Silico

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Debra Gilbuena, Oregon State University; Ben Uriel Sherrett, Oregon State University; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Issues Part One

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David H. Jonassen, University of Missouri

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

). Preface. In F. Voss, D. N. Perkins & Segal (Eds.), Informal reasoning in education. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 13. Nussbaum, E. M., & Schraw, G. (2007). Promoting argument-counterargument integration in students' writing. The Journal of Experimental Education, 76(1), 59-92. 14. Schworm, S., & Renkl, A. (2007). Learning argumentation skills through the use of prompts for self-explaining examples. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(2), 285-296. 15. Ross, B.H., & Spalding, T.L. (1994). Concepts and categories. In R.J. Sternberg (Ed.), Thinking and problem solving (pp. 119-148). New York: Academic Press. 16. Wittrock, M. (1990). Generative processes of comprehension. Educational

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Education: Upperclass Years

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Randy Lewis, Brigham Young University; Thomas Knotts, Brigham Young University; W. Vincent Wilding, Brigham Young University; William Pitt, Brigham Young University; Morris Argyle, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

competencies. Second, it provides feedback to our program on specificcompetencies and areas where our students may be weak. This feedback provides motivation forcurricular and/or pedagogical modifications needed to address the problem(s). Third, the examemphasizes the importance of the Level-3 competencies to our students and faculty. Students arekeenly aware that retention of knowledge and skills in the core areas is a requirement forgraduation in addition to simply completing required course work. Faculty awareness of theneed to help students learn fundamental concepts is also heightened.Table 2 shows the 18 Level-3 competencies assessed by the exam. As previously stated, the firstnumber of the competency corresponds to a Program Outcome. As shown

Conference Session

Teacher and Counselor Professional Development

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Reeves, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Julia Ross, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Taryn Bayles, University of Maryland, Baltimore County

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Conference & Exposition (2009). 4. Zarske, Malinda S., Jacquelyn F. Sullivan, Lawrence E. Carlson, and Janet L. Yowell. "Teachers Teaching Teachers: Linking K-12 Engineering Curricula with Teacher Professional Development." American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition (2004). 5. Minstrell, J. (1989). Teaching science for understanding. In L. Resnick and L. Klopfer (Eds.) Toward the thinking curriculum: Current cognitive research (pp. 129-149). 1989 Yearbook of the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. 6. Perkins, D. N. (1993). Teaching for understanding. American Educator, Fall, 28-35 7. Crawford, B. A. (2000). Embracing the essence of inquiry: New

Conference Session

Innovative Instructional Strategies and Curricula

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Homolka, Kansas State University, Salina; Greg Stephens, Kansas State University, Salina

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

Page 15.107.11classes (Introduction to Business and Supervisory Management) during the 2008 fall semesterrepeated in the fall 2009 semester indicate that students at K-State in Salina like stories as apedagogical tool. The poll asked students to rank ten different presentation/learning methodsutilized in class based on the student’s order of importance. Ten different teaching tools werelisted on a single page and here is how students ranked the items: 1. Class Discussion 2. Stories Ranked #2 3. Class Lectures 4. PowerPoint 5. Handouts 6. Group Projects 7. Videos/DVD’s 8. Textbook(s) 9. KSU Online (Classroom program like Blackboard, WebCt, etc) 10. Homework.Business

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Education: Underclass Years

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Valerie Young, Ohio University-Athens

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

enrollment in anEngineering Freshman Learning Community is 14/20 (70%), compared to an actual EFLCenrollment rate of 61%. The electronic survey covered Supplemental Instruction and Peer-LedTeam Learning for General Chemistry I, Pre-Calculus and Calculus I. Enrollment data (Table I)indicate that about 2/3 of Fall quarter freshmen should be enrolled in either Pre-Calculus orCalculus I, and at most 1/20 should be without a Fall math class. On the survey, 1/22respondents stated that (s)he did not take math in Fall, which is consistent with enrollment data.An additional 3/22 students did not identify a math instructor; two of those answered noquestions beyond those about the EFLC, suggesting that they simply stopped participating in thesurvey. It is thus

Conference Session

Design in BME Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Kennedy, Bucknell University; Donna Ebenstein, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

. Page 15.482.14Bibliography1. Lai-Yuen S, Reeves K (2009) Active-learning experiences on medical devices for manufacturing and newproduct development. American Society for Engineering Education AC 2009-1549.2. Tranquillo J, Cavanagh C (2009) Preparing students for senior design with a rapid design challenge. AmericanSociety for Engineering Education AC 2009-1917.3. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (2009) Y14.5: Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing.4. US Food and Drug Administration. Use of International Standard ISO-10993, ‘Biological Evaluation ofMedical Devices Part 1: Evaluation and Testing’ <> Last accessed March 11, 2010.5. International Organization for Standardization (2009) ISO-10993 Biological Evaluation of Medical

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Renetta G. Tull, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Maria Nandadevi Cortes-Rodriguez, ​ Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics National Zoological Park

Tagged Topics

Diversity, International Forum

for STEM graduate programs, and presented the information in Panama.The information was well-received and the PROMISE AGEP was invited to continue toreplicate their U.S.-based student development model to contribute content to programming forstudents at LACCEI in subsequent years.Table 1. Seminars, workshops and panels geared toward undergraduate and graduate studentaudiences, where students and faculty from UMBC have developed international collaborations. Year Location Event Speaker(s) 2011 UMBC Workshop: Preparing for Panel of UMBC faculty Global Leadership: and students from different Cultural

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

ZhongLi FU, Center for National Security and Strategic Studies (CNSSS) In National University of Defense Technology (NUDT).; Huang Zhang, National University of Defense Technology; Lini ZHOU, Center for National Security and Strategic Studies, National University of Defense Technology; Tong Wu, Center for National Security and Strategic Studies, National University of Defense Technology; Zhao Zhao, National University of Defense Technology; Changfang Zhang, National University of Defense Technology

Tagged Topics

International Forum

Page 19.38.15American Society for EngineeringEducation,Atlanta,GA.http://www.asee.org/public/conferences/27/papers/8365/view2 National Science Foundation. (1995). Restructuring engineering education: A focus on change.Division of Undergraduate Education, Directorate for Education and Human Resources.3 Almgren, R. (2008). Perspectives from industry. Journal of Engineering Education, 97(3), p.241-244.4 Grasso, D. &Martinelli, D. (2007). Holistic engineering. The Chronicle of Higher Education,53(28),B8.5 Sheppard, S. D., Macatangay, K., Colby, A., & Sullivan, W. M. (2009). Educating engineers. SanFrancisco: Jossey-Bass.6 Tryggvason, G. &Apelian, D. (2006). Re -engineering engineering education for the challenges of the21st

Conference Session

Track 3 - Session I - Faculty Development

Collection

2013 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Dirk Schaefer P.E., Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Invited - Faculty Development

may be nationwide, international, or locally controlled.  How is the professional development program implemented at the local level? – Internal or external personnel may coordinate, deliver, and document professional development activities. Mentors may or may not be used or required.  How is the professional development program included in accreditation? – Accreditation may require teaching certification for all or some faculty, documentation of professional development activities, or other teaching related items.  Is participation compulsory or voluntarily? – Participation requirements vary widely.  Who is/are the target group(s)? – While some countries focus on professional development for

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer-Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

B. Terry Beck, Kansas State University; Greg Payne, Kansas State University; Trevor Heitman, Kansas State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

are described below. The wind tunnel has a test section measuring approximately 12 in x12 in x 24 in (305mm x 305mm x 610mm), and has a maximum air speed of approximately 140mph (63 m/s). It is instrumented with an electronic strain-gage based balance for measurementsof normal force, axial force, pitching moment, and pressure distribution as a function of air speedand angle of attack. Both manual as well as electronic pressure sensing is available on thisfacility. An electronic pressure scanning unit containing 32 individual electronic pressuresensors is also used in conjunction with this facility. This latter unit can be used to provide real-time visualization of the pressure distribution in the wind tunnel, in much the same manner as ithas

Conference Session

Pedagogy

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Benson Tongue

should ask the studentsto discuss it with the person(s) in the immediate vicinity and try to determine “the truth”through discussion. They’ll stare blankly at first but once the instructor says “No, I’mserious - discuss it with each other,” they’ll get the message. One might suppose that theresult of such a request would be some desultory and quiet discussions which would quicklydie down. How wrong such a presumption would be. Every time I’ve initiated such a processthe noise level ratchets up at an amazing rate. Students truly get into it - arguing forciblyfor one view or another. The energy level generated is simply astounding.After a couple of minutes the instructor should call time and again ask for a show of hands.Depending on the point

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Tia Sharpe; Robert Maher; James Peterson; James Becker; Bradford Towle

Montana, and to disseminate the kit designs and lab experiments to other Page 10.447.15interested engineering programs for possible adoption. We would welcome contact from any ofour colleagues around the country. Proceedings of the 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2005, American Society for Engineering EducationBibliography 1. Tobias, S. (1990), “They’re Not Dumb, They’re Different: Stalking the Second Tier,” Tucson: Research Corporation. 2. Besterfield-Sacre, M. E., and C. J. Atman (1994), “Survey Design Methodology: Measuring Freshman