Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Nashwan Younis

Session 1566 STRESS ANALYSIS EXPERIMENTS FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING STUDENTS Nashwan Younis Department of Engineering Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne Fort Wayne, IN 46805-1499AbstractThis paper examines the experimental determination of assembly stresses in members utilizingthe optical method of reflected photoeleasticity. It is essential that students understand the basicconcepts in Mechanics of Materials; the paper discusses experiments that can be used byadvanced undergraduate

Conference Session

Design in BME Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nur Ozaltin, University of Pittsburgh; Mary Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh; Larry Shuman, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

projects. The data consisted of twice weekly reflections of the activities that studentteams engaged in during their design process, as well as open-ended comments about theirdesign progression. This data was then collapsed into Dym’s model from which empiricalassociations were made between the various stages. Coupled with the teams’ open-ended weeklyreflections, we were able to identify educational patterns that potentially lead to higher or lowerquality designs. Based on their final artifact, teams were judged to be innovative or non-innovative. We found that differences exist between those teams innovative non-innovativeteams. This paper reports these findings.IntroductionInnovation is highly important as competition between companies and

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deborah Besser P.E., University of St. Thomas; Debra Monson, University of St. Thomas

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

balancing state academic standards expectationswhile considering new content contexts including engineering design.This paper will provide an overview of the capstone course content, specific teachers'experiences throughout the course based on written reflections, and the preliminary analysis ofthe implementation of a teacher created integrated STEM unit in their own classrooms. Writtenreflections were gathered throughout the course. These reflections, in conjunction with thecourse goals, provide the framework for classroom observations. Preliminary data collected fromwritten reflections, surveys, interviews and classroom observations are included

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University; Erick Jacob Nefcy, Oregon State University; Debra M. Gilbuena, Oregon State University; Jaynie L. Whinnery, Oregon State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

progress forward. However, thereis no general consensus as to what specific attributes of feedback lead to improved learning, andmultiple lines of research emphasize that appropriate feedback is specific to the learning contextof the student and/or task.9 Researchers have advocated that feedback works best when it directsstudent attention to appropriate goals and actions,10 and encourages student reflection.11 Othersbelieve that students are most receptive to feedback when they are sure their answer is correct,only to learn later that it was wrong.12 Additional factors include a student’s understanding ofand agreement with the feedback provided, the motivation the feedback provides, and the limitson the student’s cognitive load.13While feedback

Conference Session

Student-Centered Information Literacy

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kerrie A Douglas, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Ruth E. H. Wertz, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Michael Fosmire, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Amy S. Van Epps, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

advanced students and experts in engineering are more likely to gather information than first year engineering students. To determine whether students perceive this behavioral difference, first year (n= 158) and junior (n=154) engineering students were given the Self-Assessment of Problem Solving Strategies (SAPSS). This instrument was designed to measure students’ reported behaviors in gathering, locating, reflecting on, and using information. The factor structure of SAPPS was examined with exploratory factor analysis, which supported that students have distinct areas of information literacy. First year and junior engineering student scores were compared through an independent t-test. The results indicate that there is no

Conference Session

Global Perspective and Experiential Learning in Civil Engineering

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Mueller PE P.E., Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Sue Niezgoda P.E., Gonzaga University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Education, “Experiential education is aphilosophy that informs many methodologies in which educators purposefully engage withlearners in direct experience and focused reflection in order to increase knowledge, developskills, clarify values, and develop people's capacity to contribute to their communities.”1 TheExperiential Learning Theory (ELT) highlights “experience” as a key role in the learningprocess.2 The ELT process is an integrated cycle of gaining knowledge through a ConcreteExperience (CE), upon which is the basis for Reflective Observation (RO), followed bygathering these reflections through Abstract Conceptualization (AC) to develop inferences andgenerate new experiences of Active Experimentation (AE).2

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Design

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Stephen Peretti; Paula Berardinelli; Naomi Kleid; Deanna Dannels; Chris Anson; Lisa Bullard; Dave Kmiec

members who were unable to attend that module(members from other disciplines who had class at that time) were asked to relay information totheir team members during the team’s normal meeting times. Teaming instruction focused on fourcontent areas: creating team ground rules, the stages of team development (forming, storming,norming, performing), establishing team roles, and writing team minutes. Throughout the course,multidisciplinary teams had to complete three team assignments: team minutes and logs, peerreview sheets, and reflection assignments. Team minutes and logs detailed what happened atteam meetings in terms of the design progress. Peer review sheets were assignments wherestudents had to evaluate other team members so that the advisor

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Nicholas Arcolano; Richard Vaz

, reflection on learning achievement, and learning independently. These sevenoutcomes were then used to structure the course, and to provide a focused basis for assessment oflearning and continuous improvement.A significant component of the course involved independent student project work; each studentcompleted three projects, each of which involved learning advanced topics not discussed in class.Each project also involved substantive use of Matlab and Simulink software, which the studentswere also expected to learn independently. Finally, each project culminated in a writingassignment in which the students were challenged to consider what they had learned, how newmaterial fit into their previous knowledge base, and how this learning process related

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Edward Wheeler; Cliff Grigg; Zachariah Chambers; Richard Layton

which state that the assimilation of new knowledge is aided by connecting to an existing base of knowledge. 4,5 We need to bring these established educational ideas to the engineering service course. It is crucial that these students tie the knowledge gained in these service courses to that of their major discipline. 5. We should help our students develop the capacity for reflective thought. It is well known that reflection and self-assessment is an essential aspect of constructing knowledge and meaning. Long ago, John Dewey emphasized the importance of reflective thinking as an educational goal.6 He argued that students should be asked to reflect, to perform self- assessments of their

Collection

2023 ASEE GSW

Authors

George V. Kondraske; Lawrence R. DiSalvi

characterization of academic performance and competency have been topics of interestat all educational levels. Efforts generally include tests within major subject categories such as math,reading, and science with the diversity of categories increasing at higher educational levels. Suchtests result in a score (for individuals or aggregated across individuals) for each category that isintended to reflect “performance”; i.e., a level of competency or mastery within the defined subjectmatter area (SMA). While individual SMA scores are used as part of individual and groupperformance reports, single number “overall performance” metrics are frequently also used. Suchcomposite measures have traditionally been based on simple or weighted averaging. GeneralSystems

Collection

2024 South East Section Meeting

Authors

Natalia Cardelino, Mercer University; Laura E Moody, Mercer University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

reflection [3].The service provided can take many forms. It may include a community project, communityeducation, or the administration of a community survey to understand what problems need to beaddressed [4]. The academic connection refers to the learning aspect students gain throughcoursework and hands-on experiences, and is oftentimes, multidisciplinary. The reciprocalpartnership between the university and the community partner must be beneficial for both. Onechallenge of service learning versus traditional capstone projects is that a meaningful, ongoingrelationship with the community must be maintained [4]. In addition, many projects cannot becompleted in a single course and need the buy-in from the local community to ensure their long-term

Conference Session

Innovative IE Course Content

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Justin W. Kile, Quinnipiac University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

responding to others verbal and nonverbalcommunication. These aspects were identified, by the author, through conversations withemployers, practicing engineers, and recent graduates. Although the key areas are easily agreedupon, how best to satisfy them during a conversation is open to some interpretation by theindividuals involved in the conversation. Therefore, the goal of the activities is to get students tothink and reflect on how they communicate, how others communicate, successfulcommunication, poor communication and goals of professional communication. Hopefully,through this thought and reflection, the students will become aware of their communicationstyles and can become better communicators

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE) Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Garza; Cory Andrew Scarborough; Lovekesh Singh, Texas A&M University, Kingsville; Marsha Sowell, Texas A&M University, Kingsville; Mohammad Motaher Hossain, Texas A&M University, Kingsville

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

practices, 5)provided coaching and expert support, 6) offered opportunities for feedback and reflection, and7) was of sustained duration [6].As specialists in renewable energy and data science, engineering faculty and graduate students aswell as industry advisors provided a content focus and model for effective practices inresearching specific STEM content areas. This was accomplished by giving teacher-participantshands-on active learning opportunities to explore the research process. Boz [5] found this type ofsupport was key to professional development that led teachers from theory to actualimplementation of practice. Education specialists provided coaching, support, and feedback forthe creation of content modules. Collaboration and sustained

Conference Session

Bart's Big Plan: Engaging High Schoolers in Engineering Adventures ... Ay Caramba!

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allison Antink-Meyer, Illinois State University; Jeritt Williams, Illinois State University; Matthew Aldeman, Illinois State University; Jin Ho Jo, Illinois State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

majors, referred to in the project and hereafter asdesigners. The designers’ perspectives, as examples of students who had chosen a STEM careerpathway, was of interest. They had gained access to STEM as a field of study and the researcherswere interested in whether their own pathways would be reflected in the activities they weredesigning. The other stakeholder group involved in the planning year was a group of teacherswho would become the afterschool facilitators of the STEM program. Those individuals valuedSTEM and students’ access to it. As a group that provided input and feedback on the activitiesthat were being developed, the researchers were interested in how their experiences andperspectives may or may not be reflected in the afterschool

Conference Session

Disciplinary Engineering Education Research – Session 1

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joreen Arigye, Purdue University; Alejandra J. Magana, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Joseph A. Lyon, Purdue University; Elsje Pienaar

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

self-assessment of whether or notthey are confident in their ability to write and debug simple programs” [p. 125]. Self-concept is“a composite of self-perceptions that one can be a good programmer, which is formed throughexperience with and interpretations of one’s environment” [p. 125]. Interest is “the extent towhich an individual enjoys engaging with programming-related activities”[p. 124]. Anxiety isthe “self-reflected state of experiencing negative emotions, such as nervousness or helplessnesswhile writing and debugging programs” [p. 125]. The programming aptitude mindset represents“the strength of a learners’ belief in the notion of a fixed programming aptitude (e.g., aptitude isinherent and cannot change)” [p. 125].The implications of

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip Appiah-Kubi, University of Dayton; Melissa McCabe, University of Dayton; Vincent Lewis, University of Dayton; Rebecca Blust, University of Dayton; James Brothers, University of Dayton; Phil Doepker

shows that the program is creating value for their startup companies. Consequently, theprogram received an additional donation of $100,000.1. IntroductionExperiential learning enables students to engage in a substantial experience and reflect on thatexperience "until they can create abstract conceptualizations that link the experience to previousexperiences, which ultimately results in active experimentation when the student determines howthey will put the experience into future actions" [1]. Experiential learning thus is a very activemethod of learning, contrary to the typically passive classroom environment where students listento lectures and do not participate in reflective activities on the material presented. Experientiallearning commonly

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 4 - Global South Engineering

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorge Loyo Rosales, Rice University; Maria Raynal Gutiérrez, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM)

independent organizations such as ABET. International coursecollaborations able to fulfill these goals are challenging under regular conditions, but the COVID-19pandemic and the migration to virtual learning in both Mexico and the United States presented anopportunity to test multinational collaboration during a regular course context. In the Fall 2021, wepiloted a month-long collaboration between two engineering courses at Rice University (US) andTecnológico de Monterrey (Mexico). This collaboration was designed to meet the two student outcomesstated above in the context of UN Sustainable Development Goal 6 using COIL. A series of activitieswere designed to promote student reflection on topics such as the cultural, social, and technical

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division: Supporting and Evaluating Student Learning in BioE/BME Courses

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leann Dourte Segan, University of Pennsylvania

was identified as “technologically challenged”, which may not always best reflectthe characteristics of upper-level engineering students.Given the challenges outlined above regarding online courses, and more specifically onlineengineering laboratory courses, the goal of this exploratory study was to assess the use of Gatherin creating an online environment conducive to peer learning and as-needed support.Additionally, students were asked to reflect on their perceived sense of community within thecourse and the contribution of Gather to this perception.MethodsThe Gather platform was introduced in an online, upper-level, bioengineering laboratory electivecourse on medical devices as the primary meeting “location” for laboratory work. The

Conference Session

Technological and Engineering Literacy-Philosophy of Engineering (TELPhe) Division Technical Session 3 / Perspectives on Advances in Promoting Technological Literacy

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Stephen T. Frezza, Gannon University; Justin Michael Greenly, Franciscan University of Steubenville

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering Division (TELPhE)

,implementing and/or making operational the product. When considered in toto, having this (orany) marker for goodness provides a bridge between ethics and the actual business ofprofessionally-conducted engineering, and consequently the development of a competent,professional E/C professional.Competence, at some level is always our judgment on the values that we expect of the engineer,reflected through how they go about engineering. In essence they are a reflection on thegoodness of the engineer, yet these are always judged in the context of the state of the art,meaning the goodness of the engineering process applied. But it is in the choices of the engineersthemselves that the connection between the goodness of the engineering and the goodness of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Blaine Austin Pedersen, Texas A&M University; Robin A.M. Hensel, West Virginia University; Sumaia Ali Raisa, West Virginia University; Rebecca A. Atadero, Colorado State University; A.M. Aramati Casper, Colorado State University; Ronald R. DeLyser, University of Denver; Christopher D. Griffin, West Virginia University; Scott T. Leutenegger, University of Denver; Melissa Lynn Morris, University of Nevada - Las Vegas; Christina Paguyo, University of Denver; Jody Paul, Metropolitan State University of Denver; Seoyeon Park, Texas A&M University; Karen E. Rambo-Hernandez, Texas A&M University; Breigh Nonte Roszelle, University of Denver

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

both in and out of the classroom. In 2020, this activitywas conducted as a virtual webinar and student questions were asked in the Q&A feature whichwas monitored by the meeting host.After listening to the dean’s interview, students are asked to write a one-page reflection paper inwhich they are asked to describe what they learned from the interview: (1) what is needed to besuccessful in the engineering profession; (2) the expectations of, or norms for, engineeringstudents; and (3) the lessons learned from the examples provided regarding the differencebetween successful and unsuccessful engineering teams. These reflections play an important rolein helping students understand the importance of valuing diversity in engineering teams

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Muhammad Dawood, New Mexico State University; Karen Trujillo, New Mexico State University; Patti Wojahn, New Mexico State University; Melissa J. Guynn, New Mexico State University; Luis Manuel Rangel Jr.; S. M. Yahea Mahbub, New Mexico State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

the Southwest embarked on a study of how the introduction ofmetacognition and strategies on “learning how to learn” to engineering students could impacttheir performance in class. Our preliminary data indicates that 75% of freshmen, 50% ofsophomores, and 35% of juniors do not routinely adopt effective study strategies. Our NSF-funded research project focuses on freshman students enrolled in Engineering 100, Introductionto Engineering, which is part of the innovative First-year “Engineering Experience” program.Along with improving instruments to assess metacognitive thinking, we are developingminimally-intrusive interventions including a workshop, handouts, and reflective writingdesigned to improve students’ metacognitive awareness (their

Conference Session

Enhancing K-12 Mathematics Education with Engineering

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Moss, Clemson University; Dorothy Moss, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Three- Exploring Prisms Exploring Exploring Translations, Transformations Exploring Rotations Dimensional Pyramids Cylinders, Cones, Reflections, and on the Number Transformations Shapes Students develop a and Spheres Rotations Line

Conference Session

Graduate Education

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jillian Seniuk Cicek, University of Manitoba; Patricia Kristine Sheridan, University of Toronto; Liz A. Kuley, University of Saskatchewan; Robyn Paul, University of Calgary

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

with high-levelreflection/qualitative questions and low-level reflection/quantitative questions. The second phasewill be a narrative analysis of individuals’ stories derived through semi-structured interviewsusing a protocol constructed from the analyses of the survey data. The survey was built usingMcAlpine and colleagues’ identity-trajectory framework3-5, which accounts for theinterconnectivity of the intellectual, institutional, and networking influences on a student’sidentity. The findings from these two phases will be used to describe the diversity of identities ofstudents studying EngEd in Canada, and to ascertain challenges and opportunities that exist forthem in this developing and unfettered field1.As a function of the overall study

Conference Session

Course Transformation in ECE

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Renee M. Clark, University of Pittsburgh; Mohan Wang, University of Pittsburgh; Mohamed A. S. Zaghloul, University of Pittsburgh; Spencer Mark Sullivan; Kevin Chen

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

students (Edstrom et al., 2007; Prince & Felder,2006). The goal is for students to apply, integrate, and/or synthesize their knowledge, includingknowledge from previous coursework, in completing the project, which reflects the complexityencountered in an engineering environment (Sheppard et al., 2009; Prince & Felder, 2006;Edstrom et al., 2007). An inductive approach tends to drive or motivate the need for the contentor theory, which may be difficult or otherwise seem of minimal use until students beginstruggling with a real challenge (Prince & Felder, 2007). Project based learning (PBL) is a keypedagogical model that can address and improve transfer of knowledge from one context toanother, retention of information, and student

Conference Session

First-year Programs: Teams and Teamwork

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jean Carlos Batista Abreu, Elizabethtown College; Brenda Read-Daily, Elizabethtown College

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

reflections. The GallupStrengthsFinder Inventory has been previously implemented in engineering classrooms[6], [7], [8]. However, this study is the first to look at students’ perceptions of how thistool impacts their teamwork. Also, this paper addresses how students’ perceptions andattitudes concerning teamwork change as a result of working on a semester-long projectwith the same team.ContextThe activities described in this paper were implemented during one semester of anIntroduction to Engineering course at Elizabethtown College. The department offersABET-accredited BS degrees in engineering and computer engineering. Both majors arerequired to take Introduction to Engineering. The course was comprised of 46 studentsin two sections, 22 in Section A

Conference Session

Creating Equity Through Structure and Pedagogy

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chelsea Nneka Onyeador, Stanford University; Shannon Katherine Gilmartin, Stanford University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University; Gloriana Trujillo, Stanford University; Carol B. Muller, Stanford University

Tagged Topics

ASEE Diversity Committee, Diversity

reflection and evaluation data. Our analysis andrecommendations focus on inclusivity, which is the ability of students of all backgrounds toengage meaningfully with the course. Since the goal of such courses is to attract students with arange of experiences and backgrounds, inclusivity in every course component is critical.I. IntroductionIt is well documented that today’s engineering students, faculty, and practitioners in the U.S. donot represent the demographic profile of the national population [6]. While a strong argument infavor of diversity based on social and demographic group membership can be made on thegrounds of fairness, there is another, perhaps more compelling argument to be made. William A.Wulf captures that argument when he states

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division: Self Efficacy

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Desen Sevi Özkan, Virginia Tech; Cherie D. Edwards, Virginia Tech; Sreyoshi Bhaduri, Virginia Tech; Diana Bairaktarova, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

the specific characteristics of each of Gee’s four categoriesof identity. Participant reflection statements were coded using the same approach. Onceparticipant drawings and reflection statements were coded, we examined the codes andcategories to identify emergent themes.Keywords: arts-based research, sketching, first-year engineering, spatial visualization, identity,qualitative methods, exploratoryIntroductionSketching as a practice can be applied in various ways. The practice itself changes based on itsintended purpose or application. For this paper, we borrow the definition for the term sketchingfrom Song and Agogino, who describe it “broadly to include all early-stage forms of graphicalrepresentations of design, including rough freehand

Conference Session

Making, Hacking, and Extracurricular Design

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shaunna Fultz Smith, Texas State University; Kimberly Grau Talley P.E., Texas State University; Araceli Martinez Ortiz, Texas State University; Vedaraman Sriraman, Texas State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

by doing” constuctionist pedagogies (Papert & Harel,1991) and reflective formative assessment strategies that emphasized process in addition to finalartifact products; and 4) on-going discussion of diverse purposes for making, including directapplication of content standards and connections, personally meaningful creation and expression,and creative experimentation and problem-solving.The course focused on the integration of makerspace themes into a variety of K-12 educationalsettings and included scaffolded activities covering non-digital and digital techniques for thefollowing topics: subtractive manufacturing, textiles, additive manufacturing, and simpleelectronics. The majority of the activities took place in the classroom makerspace

Conference Session

Flipped Electrical and Computer Engineering Classrooms 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rami Jubrail Haddad, Georgia Southern University; Youakim Al Kalaani P.E., Georgia Southern University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

motivate theengineering students to actively learn and develop their well-needed self-reflection and self-judgment skills. This approach will help maximize the effectiveness of the homeworkcomponent and empower the students to learn from their own mistakes. In this model, students’grades are based on their ability to clearly identify their misconceptions, make corrections, andprovide a clear justification for how they graded their homework problems. In addition, thismodel is sought to not only discourage plagiarism but also to provide an accurate indicator of theperformance of every student in class. To validate our findings, we conducted both quantitativeand qualitative assessments taking into consideration all the pertinent parameters involved

Conference Session

Exploring Graduate Student Experiences

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Quintana M. Clark, Purdue University, West Lafayette Indiana; Alejandra J. Magana, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

(ELT) has been suggested in The Art of Changing the Brain: Enriching Teachingby Exploring the Biology of Learning7. With respect to the brain’s structure and the learningcycles, Concrete Experiences (CE) comes through the sensory cortex located at the back of thebrain, Reflective Observation (RO) involves the temporal integration cortex at the bottom of thebrain, Abstract Conceptualization (AC) happens in the frontal integrative cortex of the brain, andActive Experimentation (AE) takes place in the motor portion of the brain. An illustration of alearning cycle and their correlation to regions of the cerebral cortex is shown in Figure 1. Thefour phases of the learning cycle are not necessarily sequential as shown. The learning cycle maybegin in