Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Qudsia Tahmina, The Ohio State University at Marion

[1-4].Even students with strong academic records face challenges due to several factors related to thetransition from high school to college. Differences in the learning environment and teachingmethods, course responsibility, higher academic expectations, complicated admissions,university policies, and time management cause anxiety among engineering freshmen and evensophomores. In addition to these d causes of anxiety among students, if there are teaching orlearning disruptions, students tend to get more anxious and stressed [5], resulting in a lack ofconcentration and feelings of withdrawal.A COVID-19 pandemic began in early 2020 and disrupted nearly all types of activities andsocial interactions worldwide including teaching and learning

Conference Session

ERM: Teamwork makes the dream work!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Morgan Fong; Hongxuan Chen, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Geoffrey Herman, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Liia Butler, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

in engineering education, conceptual change and development in engineering students, and change in faculty beliefs about teaching and learning. He is an associate editor with the Journal of Engineering Education and a board member of the Computing Research Association Education committee. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Developing an Observation Protocol for Cooperative LearningIntroductionUse of structured roles to facilitate cooperative learning is an evidence-based practice that hasbeen shown to improve student performance, attitude, and persistence [1]–[3]. The combinationof structured roles and activities

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division: Approaches to Ethics Education (Part 2)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Civjan, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Yousef Jalali, EPFL

disconnect between how ethics is presented in academic settings andprofessional development seminars, and how engineers encounter ethical decisions in everydayengineering practice. One limitation with the dominant practices in engineering ethics instructionis the lack of attention to the broader organizational and societal context that has been addressedin several exemplar studies [e.g. 1, 2]. Another limitation is the underemphasis on ways bywhich we engage in ethical decision-making in real world. The process of moral deliberation andaddressing ethical problems have often been narrowed to employing principles and rules, whichat best rely on calculative and product-oriented reasoning. What is missing then is the centralrole of imagination in moral

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Civjan, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Erin Baker, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Samantha Wojda, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Shannon Roberts, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Promise McHenga; Nicholas Tooker; Esha Uddin, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Hannah Wharton, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Sophia Chang, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Lia Ciemny; Jacqueline Thornton; Wayne P. Burleson; Paula Rees, University of Massachusetts Amherst

the core engineering technical curriculum, rather than separate topics withoutcontext of analysis or the design process. An example used as guidance was an ASEE paperentitled “From Sacred Cow to Dairy Cow” [1]. Several classes in the college were alreadyimplementing concepts of DEI, RJ and SJ into the curriculum by a variety of methods, whetherindividual lesson plans, projects, or re-evaluating messaging and terminology used. The intent ofthe Dean’s RJ Curriculum Challenge (CC) was to formalize a program to empower and engagefaculty in modifying their own curriculum, to highlight those who took these initiatives, and topromote discussions among faculty. Our key marker of success is the level of facultyengagement.The ProgramThe program rollout

Conference Session

ERM: Mentoring for Everyone! And Let's talk about Graduate Students

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brayan Díaz, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Cesar Delgado, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC; Kevin Han, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Collin Lynch, North Carolina State University at Raleigh

psychologicalsafety survey, survey on perceptions of class, and a CoP-specific instrument, the CommunityAssessment Toolkit (CAT). In this paper we report on our piloting of the instruments.Introduction.A recent National Academies report notes the need for changes in graduate STEM education:“Recent surveys of employers and graduates and studies of graduate education suggest that manygraduate programs do not adequately prepare students to translate their knowledge intoimpact…” (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine [NASEM], 2018) (p. 1).In particular, students need to develop abilities for working in collaborative and team settings, tocommunicate to diverse audiences, to acquire pedagogical skills (p. 96), and to deal with diverseopinions

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods (ERM) Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barney Wei, University of Toronto; Mohammadreza Karamsoltani, University of Toronto; RUI ZENG, University of Toronto; Mingyu Zheng, University of Toronto; Hamid Timorabadi, University of Toronto

educational resources freely available to everyone. OERlinks to a global educational movement that began about 20 years ago [1] to replace the existingplatform of paid textbooks with the goals of allowing students to have access to up-to-date andrelevant-to-course content, leveraging modern technology to improve teaching and learning, andreducing the financial barrier to education [2]. OER addresses three main problems stemmingfrom paid textbooks: lack of variety in content delivery in terms of both perspective and medium,out-of-date information, and textbook affordability. Textbook publishers try to address out-of-date information by creating new editions, nevertheless, this forces students to purchase a newrevision of the textbook obsoleting the

Conference Session

WIED: Analysis, Challenges, Success, and Impacts

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cristian Saavedra-Acuna, Universidad Andres Bello; Monica Quezada-Espinoza, Universidad Andres Bello

participation of women in STEM careers has shown a slight increase.Despite this, it is still insufficient regarding the representation of women in these areas [1].Success in the curricular advancement of women who decide to study an engineering careerbecomes an important factor to achieve gender equality in the labor field, for which somefactors such as academic performance, the student community environment, teaching support,financial support, among others [2], are key to promoting the interest of female students tostay and complete their engineering university studies. Thus, it is highly relevant foreducational institutions to promote the entry of women into STEM careers and oversee theenvironment and factors associated with their curricular

Conference Session

ERM: Design!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Santana, Harvey Mudd College; Andres Sanchez, Harvey Mudd College; Laura Palucki Blake; Leah Mendelson, Harvey Mudd College; Serena Mao, Harvey Mudd College; Magdalena Jones, Harvey Mudd College; David Chen, Harvey Mudd College

progress describes a pilot to incorporate critical reflection activities, completed byindividuals and by teams, during the implementation of design activities in an early-career,project-based learning context. As described in full below, critical reflection has beendemonstrated as a high-impact practice that can deepen learning and cultivate a productivefuture-oriented mindset [1]–[3]. Thus, activities that incorporate reflection into projects havegrown in use and garnered increased attention in engineering education for their transformativepotential [4]–[6]. Further, consistently engaging in reflection on learning as a community has thepotential to develop environments and classroom cultures that value student growth andcommunity [7].Critical

Conference Session

ERM: Student Professional Development: Professional Skills and Moving Beyond the Classroom

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Olewnik, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Bahar Memarian, University of Toronto

. Research done on co-curricularengagement and competency development deploys surveys (e.g., electronic questionnaires,interviews) as the medium to elicit student reflection and/or collect insight for programming(e.g., curricular or co-curricular) change [1]–[5]. While each study may test a differenteducational intervention or hypothesis, most of the work done depends on students’ self-reflection and reporting of their co-curricular experience and professional skills gained. Researchstudies may then utilize the findings along with some formal assessment data to evaluate thequality of their intervention or hypothesis. We consider the Professional Development Survey(PDS) implemented at a large North American institution. All undergraduates are asked

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods (ERM) Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Olewnik, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Bahar Memarian, University of Toronto

, largeNumber of semesters Non-technical, Service, and Clubs > Technical 0.4, medium Table 3. Participant’s top 10 most frequently noted words (processed data) in each co-curricular stream with their frequency counts and frequency counts normalized by co-curricular sample size Technical Non-technical Research Service Clubs Intramurals n 647 761 128 64 957 34 Intern Customer Research Help Club Work 1 298, 46% 229, 30% 71, 55% 18, 28% 287, 30% 12, 35% Work Work

Conference Session

ERM: Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Bahnson, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Elan Hope, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Derrick Satterfield, University of Nevada, Reno; Anitra Alexander; Alexis Briggs; Laila Allam, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Adam Kirn, University of Nevada, Reno

white women remain underrepresented among engineering doctoral degree holders [1 – 3].Lower student retention and degree completion rates partially explain continued racial/ethnic andgender disparities, despite increased recruitment of traditionally underserved students intoengineering graduate programs [1, 2]. In part, discrimination within engineering graduateeducation contributes to students’ decisions to leave engineering [4 – 7]. In this study, we explorethe discrimination experiences of engineering doctoral students. The current study seeks to expand on existing qualitative research, general STEM research,and lived experiences and knowledge held by traditionally underserved students to identify trendsin discrimination experiences

Conference Session

Miscellaneous Mechanics

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joshua Wyrick, York College of Pennsylvania; Emine Foust, York College of Pennsylvania

sections wereadministered the same exams (four in total throughout the semester, including the final comprehensiveexam). The two faculty members shared the exam grading load among the sections to ensureimpartiality. Exam performances were statistically analyzed and compared between sections.Additionally, end-of-semester surveys were administered to evaluate how the students engaged withthe professor, their peers, and themselves within the context of the course and the instructionalmethods.For sections 1 and 2 taught by professor A, a reflective learning approach was used for weeklyassessments. Reflective learning is a method that enables students to identify the gaps in their ownknowledge and the areas for self-improvement. In these sections

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division: Perspectives on Engineering Ethics Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amir Hedayati Mehdiabadi, University of New Mexico; Rebecca Atadero, Colorado State University

societies have become involved with DEIJ. To conduct thisstudy, we reviewed the websites of several professional societies for engineering, including theAmerican Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), the American Society of Mechanical Engineers(ASME), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the American Institute ofChemical Engineers (AIChE), and the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).Particularly, we limited our search to (1) the vision, mission, and goal statements, (2) the codesof ethics, (3) the diversity, equity, and inclusion pages, and (4) pages intended for students andstudents groups on the society websites. Our findings indicate that although professionalsocieties are committed to benefiting humanity and

Conference Session

LEES 3: Assessing/Addressing Mental Health

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Wilson, University of Kentucky; Courtney Wright, University of Kentucky; Melanie Miller; Lucy Hargis; Ellen Usher; Joseph Hammer; Natalie Ban; Halle Shannon, University of Kentucky

as perceived coping strategies thatmay be used instead of seeking professional mental health help.A diverse group of 33 engineering undergraduate students were a part of the comprehensive studyon engineering mental health help-seeking behavior. For this study, qualitative data was analyzedto address two specific research questions: 1) What are the main sources of stress that engineershave experienced in their engineering training? and 2) What coping strategies have studentsdeveloped as an alternative to seeking professional help? Several common perceived stressorswere identified including an unsupportive and challenging engineering training environment,challenges in time management, and academic performance expectations. Perceived

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary Timko; Natalie Shaheen; Wade Goodridge, Utah State University; Theresa Green, Utah State University - Engineering Education; Daniel Kane, Utah State University

University pursuing a Bachelor’s Degree in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and is expected to graduate in May 2022. His research interests focus around the study of spatial ability with an emphasis on identifying patterns of spatial strategies and measuring spatial ability in blind and low vision populations.Gary M Timko (Research Assocaite)Natalie L ShaheenWade H Goodridge (Associate Professor) © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.comIntroductionSpatial ability can be defined as the measure of a cognitive ability to generate, retain, retrieve,and transform well-structured visual images [1]. Various constructs of spatial

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deana Delp; Maria Dixon, Arizona State University

spectrum disorder (ASD). With earlier diagnoses andcomprehensive support in secondary school, more students with ASD are enrolling in science,technology, engineering, and math (STEM) curricula in college [1-3]. Students with ASD canencounter many obstacles when entering college [4]. Despite academic success in thecoursework the student with ASD may face distinctive challenges in the classroom, such assensory issues, or other needs like organizing assignments, time management, and peermentoring, that are not addressed by traditional accommodations. All these challenges impactoverall performance and present an impediment for the students to engage in the overall collegeexperience. At Arizona State University we have developed a program for

Conference Session

Computing & Information Technology Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kylan Stewart; Bruce Debruhl; Zoe Wood

Assessment of Belonging among Computing StudentsAbstract Creating a Computer Science and Software Engineering Department that supports stu-dents with diverse identities and backgrounds is essential to creating a computing workforce thatreflects the world at large. Inspired by the work of Metcalf et al.’s survey conducted at the Uni-versity of Illinois [1], we use the same methods to examine the state of our computing depart-ment with respect to issues of inclusive climate and student sense of belonging, which have beenshown to be important for retention in STEM fields [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. We use the four areasthat contribute to belonging based on the work of Rainey et al. [9] along with a fifth category oflearning environment in

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brayan Díaz, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Cesar Delgado, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC; Kevin Han, North Carolina State University at Raleigh

thissoftware in real engineering companies. The students were immersed in construction companies,as interns on construction sites. Our research goals were to study the students’ learning and anyimpacts on the companies’ practices; in particular, how new communication skills, tools,symbols, concepts, and procedures disseminated in both directions. Open-ended surveyresponses from the years 2017, 2018, and 2019 were analyzed using the constant comparisonmethod to allow themes to emerge from the data. The analysis of these data shows 1) Throughthe design and prior training of workers, it generated a psychologically safe learningenvironment for students in companies. 2) students recognize they establish a clear connectionbetween the objectives of the

Conference Session

PCEE Technical Session 5: STEM Teacher Instructional Moves

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pamela Lottero-Perdue, Towson University; Jamie Mikeska

diagnostic troubleshooting.Each SETE experience increased in complexity, with SETE 1 involving a discussion with onestudent, SETE 2 involving a discussion with a team of three student avatars, and SETE 3involving a discussion with five students working in three teams (one student worked alone).Participants were six PSTs majoring in middle school education who engaged in each SETE aspart of their engineering methods course. We share preliminary findings about (1) the range ofteaching moves the PSTs employed in SETE 1 and 2, and (2) how helpful the PSTs perceived theearlier SETEs to be when preparing for SETE 3. Findings indicated that PSTs used a variety ofmoves, some of which likely supported and some of which may have hindered studentsensemaking

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohammad Ilbeigi; Diana Bairaktarova, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

settings. To address this objective, we are designingand developing an online game, called Zebel: Genesis. The game coupled with a series of pre-and post-assessment tools will be used as learning materials in a graduate-level constructionscheduling course in the Department of Civil, Environmental, and Ocean Engineering (CEOE) atStevens Institute of Technology to collect empirical evidence for qualitative and quantitativeanalyses. The design of the game is based on the Constructivism learning theory. TheConstructivism learning framework for gamification that forms the foundation of our gameplatform consists of six essential elements: (1) modeling; (2) reflection; (3) strategy formation;(4) scaffolded exploration; (5) debriefing; and (6

Conference Session

Intersections of Identity and Student Experiences: Equity, Culture & Social Justice Technical Session 10

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rachael Cate, Oregon State University; Aiden Nelson

impacts of socialinequities on the transformative learning process for underrepresented students.The qualitativenarratives have helped up to understand some the reasons for these phenomena, and wepresent these results here along with implications for developing Communities of Practice thatare more effective at serving and empowering underrepresented students in engineeringprograms.Keywords: communities of practice, transformative learning, undergraduate education, capstonedesign, URM students, women in engineering, first-generation, underrepresented students,mixed methods, narratives, longitudinal study, educational action research 1. Introduction and BackgroundThe value of an education in engineering is not only in gaining knowledge of a

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Thermodynamics

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Subodh Subedi, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Krishnan Suresh, University of Wisconsin - Madison

-art design tool was gradually introduced to underclassmen, through lecture, labexercises and course projects. This study shows that TO can indeed be deployed in a class-roomsetting to help better prepare the students as they enter the workforce.1 IntroductionInnovation in product design technologies has made it easier for the engineers to solve complexengineering problems. Use of state-of-art computer-aided design (CAD) tools in the industry is ingreater demand due to its impact on reducing product lead times. Consequently, CAD tools havenow become an integral part of undergraduate mechanical engineering curriculum. Students cannow learn to model, design, analyze and fabricate objects with multitude of tools within a semestercourse. With

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fernando Romero Galvao, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Luciana Debs, Purdue University Programs

enough for constructioncompanies? Second, what are the primary skills that the construction companies are looking for?Third, do our students know how to express their opinions in a meeting, write a report, make apresentation, work in a team, and finally, know about ethics and compliance? IntroductionSimilar to engineering, construction management is about providing better, safer products andservices; being trusted, while following clients’ expectations and specifications andcontemplating the triple constraints (scope, time, and budget) [1]. This translates to completingthe project within the planned schedule and budget while keeping the stakeholders satisfied withthe final delivery. It is unique within

Conference Session

Engineering Physics and Physics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kanti Prasad, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Abdul Syed, University of Massachusetts Lowell

Paper ID #36431Incorporation of Matching Networks Fundamentals intoState-of-the-Art Technology for Electrical EngineeringDesigns in General and RF-Microwaves Circuits in Particularusing Smith Charts and MATLABKanti Prasad (Professor) ProfessorAbdul Syed © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Incorporation of Matching Networks Fundamentals into State-of-the-Art Technology for Electrical Engineering Designs in General and RF-Microwaves Circuits in Particular using Smith Charts and MATLAB 1 Kanti Prasad Ph. D.; P. E.; LSMIEEE

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexandra Jackson; Kevin Dahm, Rowan University; Kaitlin Mallouk, Rowan University; Bruce Oestreich; Cheryl Bodnar, Rowan University; Scott Streiner, University of Pittsburgh

positions [1-6]. Possessing an EM is often associated withcharacteristics such as motivation, understanding of business processes, communication,innovation, and creativity [3, 7-9]. These attributes and skills are often required for engineeringpositions as companies and industries seek to create a workforce that can tackle challenging andcomplex global problems.The Kern Entrepreneurial Engineering Network (KEEN) has invested time and effort in thedevelopment of an EM framework consisting of the "3C's": Curiosity, Connections, and CreatingValue [10] that can help assist practitioners with the integration of EM into their coursework andprograms. Universities associated with KEEN have attempted to measure EM growth anddevelopment of their students

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division Technical Session - Best Paper

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Illysa Izenberg, The Johns Hopkins University; Steven Marra, The Johns Hopkins University; Trevor Mackesey, Johns Hopkins University; Leslie Kendrick; Jenny Bernstein, The Johns Hopkins University

industry. Thus, our research reflects a desire to gain this industry perspectiveand identify a list of multidisciplinary teamwork skills that working engineers agreed wereimportant to the success of their organizations and projects.In this paper, we have built on existing literature and interviews with industry professionals toconstruct and carry out a survey to answer the following primary research questions: 1. Are there skills specific to working effectively on multidisciplinary teams? 2. How competent are newly hired engineering employees (i.e. entry-level hires) with these skills? 3. How long does it take a newly hired engineering employee unequipped in these skills to become proficient in their execution

Conference Session

Incorporating Technology in the Classroom

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Sanders, California State University, Fullerton; Serop Kelkelian, California State University, Fullerton; Markus Wieser; Guenter Bischof, Joanneum

. Both apps are available online completely free of charge for anyone to use. Here wegive a detailed account of the development of these applications and the underlying theory.1 Introduction and backgroundThe pedagogical question of what tensors are [1–3] and how one ought to understand them—atonce both philosophical and pragmatic—persists to the present day, due both to theirmathematical nuance and to the prevalence of two competing schools of thought regarding theirdefinition. The first approach to emerge for tensors of the second rank, sometimes referred to asthe algebraic approach or the component approach, views tensors as sets of components thattransform in prescribed ways under given coordinate transformations [4–8]. In general, a

Conference Session

Engineering Physics and Physics Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Crilly, United States Coast Guard Academy; Julian Blanco

breakdown and quantum mechanics.IntroductionWhen students take their first electromagnetic (EM) course using a textbook such as Ulaby, et al.[1] they learn how materials such as metals with free electrons are conductors and those that lackfree electrons are dielectrics. They also learn that if enough energy is applied, almost anydielectric will break down to enable free electrons, and thereby allow electric current conduction.Gasses are one example whereby if enough energy is applied, the breakdown in gas manifestsitself as phenomena such as lightning, the arcing associated with automotive spark plugs or arcwielders, and florescent lights. The conductive gas is referred to as a plasma. The amount ofenergy required for breakdown depends on the gas

Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy Division Technical Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Siqing Wei, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Matthew Ohland, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Lina Zheng, Beihang University

gap among different tiers of institutions needs to be reduced and teaching need to becentralized as one of the cores in NEE reform.Problem Definition To survive and thrive in the rapid and fierce international competition in the era of thefourth round of industrial revolution and to meet and overcome the emerging global challengesin the future, all major countries, including China, recognize and stress the importance ofimproving the quality of engineering education. Accordingly, China proposed its nationalstrategic policy for innovation-driven development, “Chinese manufacture 2025”, “Internet +” toadapt and lead the new economy characterized as new technology, new industry, new forms ofbusiness and models [1], [2]. Preparing high

Conference Session

ERM: Teamwork makes the dream work!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rashmi Solanki, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Chad Kennedy, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus; Yash Shirke, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

. 1. Vague and simplistic methodology 2. Lack of thoroughness of brainstorming and expertise within team 3. Issues with categorizing variables into SWOT quadrants SO, ST, WT, or WO. 4. Challenges in classifying items (i.e. is an item an opportunity or threat?) 5. No strategic result or direction emerges from analysis 6. Resource based SWOT alleviates some issues but varies greatly for external factors vs. internal factors and perceptions easily influenced by managerial role/position in the company 7. Need for quantification-lack of consistent weighing, ranking or prioritizing 8. Alternatives and improvements to SWOT needed 9. Need to combine with other strategy tools of analysisAn earlier study pointed out one of the