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Displaying results 35641 - 35670 of 40470 in total
Conference Session
Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John M. Santiago Jr, Colorado Technical University; Jing Guo, Colorado Technical University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
- ing, systems engineering, physics and mathematics. He has over 30 published papers and/or technical presentations while spearheading over 40 international scientific and engineering conferences/workshops as a steering committee member while assigned in Europe. Professor Santiago has experience in many engineering disciplines and missions including: control and modeling of large flexible space structures, communications system, electro-optics, high-energy lasers, missile seekers/sensors for precision guided munitions, image processing/recognition, information technologies, space, air and missile warning, mis- sile defense, and homeland defense. His interests includes: interactive multimedia for e-books, interactive
Conference Session
Manufacturing Materials and Processes
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ergin Erdem, Robert Morris University; Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
manufac- turing technologies, RFID applications in food and pharmaceutical applications, operations management in healthcare industry.Dr. Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University Arif Sirinterlikci is a University Professor of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering and the Depart- ment Head of Engineering at Robert Morris University. He holds BS and MS degrees, both in Mechanical Engineering from Istanbul Technical University in Turkey and his Ph.D. is in Industrial and Systems En- gineering from the Ohio State University. He has been actively involved in ASEE and SME organizations and conducted research in Rapid Prototyping and Reverse Engineering, Biomedical Device Design and Manufacturing, Automation and
Conference Session
ERM: Instruction and Engagement
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gerald Prendergast, University of South Carolina Aiken
Paper ID #37238Benefits of Video Tutorials for a Computer Aided DesignClassGerald Prendergast (Assistant Professor of Engineering) Dr. Gerald Prendergast is currently an Assistant Professor of Engineering at University of South Carolina Aiken (UofSC Aiken). Prior to joining the faculty at UofSC Aiken, Dr. Prendergast served in the US Navy as a surface warfare and engineering duty officer in the operations, maintenance, and program management of nuclear aircraft carriers. Dr. Prendergast obtained his PhD in Mechanical Engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School with research on underwater explosions and the
Conference Session
Educational Research and Methods (ERM) Division Poster Session
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Zhen Zhao, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus; Megan O'Donnell, Arizona State University; Michelle Jordan, Arizona State University; Wilhelmina Savenye, Arizona State University; Gillian Roehrig, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities; Marcus Lyra, Arizona State University
Engineering Research Centers (ERCs) across the nation have been funded by theNational Science Foundation (NSF) since 1985; 14 are currently operating [1]. These ERCs haveplayed a big part in not only advancing engineering and technology but also integrating research,education, and workforce development [1]. NSF requires each ERC to provide educational andprofessional development opportunities for professionals, post-doctoral researchers, graduatestudents, undergraduate students, K-14 teachers, and K-12 students. At the same time, data-driven approaches are recommended to evaluate and track the performance and impacts of theseopportunities [2]; findings are required as part of the center’s annual report and site visitpresentations. The responsibility
Collection
2022 ASEE Midwest Section Conference
Authors
Mirit Shamir; Stacy Hutchinson; Gaea Hock; Ryan Hansen; Jonathan Aguilar; Nathan Hendricks; Prathap Parameswaran; Matthew Sanderson; Rebecca Cors; Melanie M. Derby
, interdisciplinary teamproject, interdisciplinary curriculumAbstractInterdisciplinary research training is a critical aspect of the graduate students’ experience, andmay have an impact on their professional lives. Interdisciplinary research is also important forthe United States’ economic and technological competitiveness. This paper describes theimplementation of a new two-credit interdisciplinary capstone course for teams of graduatestudents from different STEM disciplines working on interdisciplinary research projects at thenexus of Food, Energy and Water Systems (FEWS), and the experience gained with it. Thiscapstone is required for the Rural Resource Resiliency NSF Research Traineeship (NRT) at ouruniversity. The traineeship focuses on engineering and
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Lee, San Jose State University; Stacy Gleixner, San Jose State University; Tai-Ran Hsu, San Jose State University; David Parent, San Jose State University
Engineering and Technology Education, vol. 2, pp. 1-6, 2003.[3] T.-R. Hsu, MEMS & Microsystems: Design and Manufacture. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, 2002.[4] M. J. Madou, Fundamentals of Microfabrication: the science of miniaturization, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2002.[5] Y. Xia and G. M. Whitesides, "Soft Lithography," Annual Review of Materials Science, vol. 28, p. 153, 1998.[6] S. R. Quake and A. Scherer, "From Micro- to Nanofabrication with Soft Materials," Science, vol. 290, pp. 1536-1540, 2000.[7] G. T. A. Kovacs, Micromachined Transducers Sourcebook. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, 1998.[8] D. C. Duffy, J. C. McDonald, O. J. A. Schueller, and G. M. Whitesides, "Rapid Prototyping of Microfluidic
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Michael Batchelder; Elaine Linde; Dan Dolan; Daniel Dolan
Document 2003-1235 Session 2526 Mechatronics for Multidisciplinary Teaming Elaine Linde, Daniel Dolan, Michael Batchelder South Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyAbstractAt the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, students from MechanicalEngineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering all take a Mechatronicscourse during their sophomore or junior year. The course follows the textbookMechatronics by Alciatore and Histand rather closely. For the lab projects, students use asmall computer circuit board containing a PIC microcontroller
Collection
2000 Annual Conference
Authors
Richard Layton
exercise. An ap-proach to reducing this percentage is to implement complementary exercises in subsequentcourses in the mechanical engineering program. All students would benefit from the additionalpractice in making decisions consistent with professional ethical practice. Thus the exercises inthis study should be considered an introductory component of a program-wide strategy to teachstudents the tenets of professional ethics.Bibliography1. URL: http:// www.abet.org/. Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET). December, 1997.2. Alenskis, B.A. (1997). Integrating ethics into an engineering technology course: an interspersed component approach. In proc. ASEE Annual Conference. IEEE/ASEE, Milwaukee, June 1997.3. URL: http
Conference Session
Computed Simulation and Animation
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
John Nestor
and Associate Chair of Computer Engineering withIllinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. His teaching and research interests include VLSI Design,Computer Engineering, and Computer-Aided Design for VLSI. Page 7.204.9 Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2002, American Society for Engineering Education
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Oenardi Lawanto, Utah State University; Angela Minichiello, Utah State University; Talha Naqash, Utah State University; Zain ul Abideen, Utah State University
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Paper ID #42302Board 193: Adaptive v. Faulty Adaptive Learning: The Interplay BetweenKnowledge About Task and Self-RegulationDr. Oenardi Lawanto, Utah State University Dr. Oenardi Lawanto is a professor in the Department of Engineering Education at Utah State University, USA. He received his B.S.E.E. from Iowa State University, his M.S.E.E. from the University of Dayton, and his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Dr. Lawanto has a combination of expertise in engineering and education and has more than 30 and 14 years of experience teaching engineering and cognitive-related topics courses for his
Conference Session
Programming Education 2
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kwansun Cho, University of Florida; Syeda Fizza Ali, Texas A&M University; Sung Je Bang, Texas A&M University; Saira Anwar, Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education Division (COED)
students, and computer- or web-assisted personalized learning.Syeda Fizza Ali, Texas A&M University Syeda Fizza Ali is currently pursuing her PhD in Interdisciplinary Engineering (emphasis in Engineering Education) at Texas A&M University. She works as a graduate research assistant at the Department of Multidisciplinary Engineering. Her work focuses on instructional strategies in engineering, and educational technology. She is also passionate about student mental health and broadening participation in engineering.Sung Je Bang, Texas A&M University Sung Je Bang is a PhD student in the Department of Multidisciplinary Engineering at Texas A&M University. He holds a Bachelor of Science and a Master of
Conference Session
Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 20
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dorothy Decontee Gocol, Florida International University; Helen Urpi Wagner-Coello, Florida International University; Monica E. Cardella, Florida International University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)
storytelling as an approach that allows undergraduate students to craft their ownstories that then become central to conversations about the types of changes that should beinitiated within the institution, central to the research on students’ experiences with co-leadingchange work, and central to dissemination efforts aimed at encouraging other institutions toengage students as partners [17] in institutional change work.BackgroundVoices for Organizing Change in Educational System (VOCES) is a student-centric,participatory approach to institutional change that spans STEM (Science, Technology,Engineering, and Mathematics) departments at Florida International University (FIU). Thegoal of VOCES is to guide students through a process of identifying
Conference Session
Innovations in ECE Education II
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Stuart Wentworth, Auburn University; S. Hossein Mousavinezhad, Idaho State University; Mani Mina, Iowa State University; Wei PAN, Idaho State University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
conferences. He is an ABET Program Evaluator (PEV) for Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering. He is the Founding General Chair of the IEEE International Electro Information Technology Conferences (www.eit-conference.org), and past ASEE ECE Division Chair. He is IEEE Education Society Membership Development Chair and Van Valkenburg Early Career Teaching Award Chair. He was the ECE Program Chair of the 2002 ASEE Annual Conference, Montreal, Quebec, June 16-19. Professor Mousavinezhad is recipient of Michigan State University’s 2009 John D. Ryder Electrical and Computer Engineering Alumni Award, received ASEE ECE Division’s 2007 Meritorious Service Award, ASEE/NCS Distinguished
Conference Session
COED: All about That Math
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education Division (COED)
://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-018-9580-3[3] Yussop, Y, Annamalai, S. & Salam, S."Hi-math mobile app: Effectiveness in improving arithmetic skills of primary school students," International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, vol. 7, no 6S2, pp. 67-71. 2019.[4] Aplic Triang (2021). App Store. Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey. [Online]. Available: https://apps.apple.com/ml/app/aplic-triang/id1547924879#?platform=iphone[5] Gonzalez Canales, L.M. and Martinez Treviño, Y. "El impacto de una aplicación móvil: Trigonometría en la palma de la mano, " 8º Congreso Internacional de Innovacion Educativa, Monterrey. pp 685-690. 2021.[6] Castillo, Yahuita and Garabito
Conference Session
Construction 1: Special Topics in Construction Education: BIM, Simulation, Sustainability, and Safety
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Yilei Huang, South Dakota State University
Tagged Divisions
Construction
Engineering Education, 2017 Introducing an Advanced Building Information Modeling Course in Construction Management ProgramsAbstractMany construction management (CM) programs in the U.S. have introduced BuildingInformation Modeling (BIM) in their curriculum due to the rapid adoption of BIM in thearchitecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry. Previous research has revealed thatmost of the BIM courses offered in CM programs have mainly focused on 3D modeling skills aswell as BIM applications in 4D scheduling and 5D estimating. While these topics appear to beimportant to apply BIM technology, students will not be able to fully understand the BIMprocess in a construction project without knowing the fundamental workflow
Conference Session
Programming Education 1
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mariza Tsakalerou, Nazarbayev University; Michalis N. Xenos, University of Patras; Semira Maria Evangelou, University of Patras
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education Division (COED)
Paper ID #41772Unlocking the Secrets of Student Success in Low-Code Platforms: An In-DepthComparative AnalysisProf. Mariza Tsakalerou, Nazarbayev University Dr. Tsakalerou is an Associate Professor at the School of Engineering and Digital Sciences at Nazarbayev University (NU) and the Director of the Engineering Management Programs. NU has debuted in the top 30 percent of international research universities in the Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings 2024. Dr. Tsakalerou is an active researcher, practitioner, and academic in innovation management, technology networks, and engineering education. Her current
Conference Session
STEM and the Two-Year College
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cheryl Martinez, Growth Sector; Gabe Hanzel-Sello; Ivanna Abreu
Tagged Divisions
Two-Year College Division (TYCD)
technology sector are unfamiliar with hosting engineering andcomputer science majors from community colleges for internships. Many tech companies, after 9all, rely on “University Relations” staff to develop awareness for, and recruit to, their openundergraduate internship positions. As JFF concluded, many employers hosting communitycollege students for internships were unable to assess interns’ level of proficiency withtechnology in general, (Joy, 2022). In their study, JFF cited employers’ struggle to structurechallenge and rigor into the internship’s relatively short time frame. Additionally, they noted,community college students are generally diverse and
Conference Session
Online Programs and Program Assessment
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tilman Wolf, University of Massachusetts Amherst; C. V. Hollot, University of Massachusetts, Amherst; Russell Tessier, University of Massachusetts; Bryan Polivka, Shorelight Education; Chris Hoehn-Saric, Shorelight Education; Janet Donghee Kang; Katherine Newman
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, in 1992 and 1999, respectively. He is currently Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. His cur- rent research interests include computer architecture and field-programmable devices.Mr. Bryan Polivka, Shorelight Education Bryan Polivka is currently the Senior Director for Shorelight Education, focused on instructional design and learning architecture for Field Degrees. He is a creative, strategy-focused education executive who has designed new products and services and provided strategic direction and business results for a wide array of organizations. As principal consultant for PolivkaVox LLC, he has helped schools
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Katerina Goseva-Popstojanova, West Virginia University; Erin Carll; Elizabeth Litzler, University of Washington; Robin Hensel, West Virginia University
Paper ID #38345Building S-STEM scholars' knowledge and skills throughtechnical and career-development seminarsKaterina Goseva-Popstojanova Dr. Katerina Goseva-Popstojanova is a Professor at the Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV. Her research interests are in software engineering, cybersecurity, and data analytics, as well as in higher education focused on these areas. She has served as a Principal Investigator on various NSF, NASA, and industry funded projects. She leads the B.S. in Cybersecurity program and serves as Academic Coordinator of
Conference Session
International Division Technical Session 6
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sheila Reyes Guerrero, Universidad de las Américas Puebla; Nelly Ramirez-Corona, Universidad de las Americas Puebla; Aurelio Lopez-Malo, Universidad de las Americas Puebla; Enrique Palou, Universidad de las Americas Puebla
Tagged Divisions
International
Paper ID #8790Assessing Metacognition During Problem-Solving in Two Senior ConcurrentCoursesMiss Sheila Reyes Guerrero, Universidad de las Am´ericas Puebla Sheila Reyes Guerrero is Science, Engineering, and Technology Education Ph.D. Student at Universidad de las Americas Puebla in Mexico. She teaches Databases, Networks & Telecommunications, Contem- porary Ethics, Basic computer, Internet protocols, Legal Aspects of Information Technology Information Technologies, Foundations of educational technology.. Her research interests include faculty develop- ment, outcomes assessment, and creating effective learning
Conference Session
Teaching Design
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Richard Goff; Jeffrey Connor; Jean Kampe
. Page 10.631.11 Proceedings of the 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2005, American Society for Engineering EducationBiographic DataJ. C. MALZAHN KAMPE is an associate professor in the Department of Engineering Education at VirginiaPolytechnic Institute and State University. She received her Ph.D. in metallurgical engineering from MichiganTechnological University, M.Ch.E. in chemical engineering from the University of Delaware, and a B.S. degree inchemical engineering at Michigan Technological University.RICHARD M. GOFF is an associate professor and assistant department head of the Engineering EducationDepartment in the College of Engineering at Virginia
Conference Session
First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 13: Work-in-Progress Postcard Session #2
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Randy Brooks, Texas A&M University
. This resulted in a MSEd from Purdue University in Learning Design and Technology (LDT). This widely varied background prepared me well for my next big adventure. Beginning in August 2018 I became the Texas A and M Professor of Practice for the Texas A and M Engineering Academy at Blinn College in Brenham. Texas A and M Engineering Academies are an innovative approach to providing the planet with more Aggie Engineers. My research focus is enhancing the high school through first-year college experience and am an engaged member of the Texas A and M IEEI (Institute for Engineering Education and Innovation). My foundations were set by an upbringing on the family ranch near Joshua, Texas and 4 memorable years at Texas A and M
Conference Session
International Division (INTL) Technical Session #1: Global Competency
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Patrick Tunno; Dr. Angela Rothrock, Pennsylvania State University; Robert J. Rabb P.E., Pennsylvania State University; Christine B. Masters, Pennsylvania State University
Tagged Divisions
International Division (INTL)
nongovernmental organizations sothat those entities seek engineering insights when setting their global infrastructure policies [6].The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Vision 2030 states that “whatmechanical engineers do, and how they do it, are changing due to global issues, expansion of thediscipline’s boundaries, increased professional expectations, and technological innovation.Future engineers will need outstanding communication and people skills, business sense, a globalperspective, and an unparalleled understanding of our environment [7].” Additionally, the reportnotes that both industry supervisors and early career engineers emphasize that professional skillsshould be integrated throughout the curriculum, and broaden the skill set
Conference Session
Faculty Development 4: COVID-19's Impact on Students
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Sreyoshi Bhaduri, McGraw Hill ; Lilianny Virguez, University of Florida; Debarati Basu, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Michelle Soledad, Ohio State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Faculty Development Division
mixed-methods research approaches using AI to uncover insights about the 21st century workforce. Sreyoshi is passionate about improving belonging among women in STEM and Engineering. She was recently elected as Senator at the Society of Women Engineers - a not for profit organization with over 42,000 global members and the world’s largest advocate and catalyst for change for women in engineering and technology. She is also a member of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Learn more about her work and get in touch at www.ThatStatsGirl.com.Dr. Lilianny Virguez, University of Florida Lilianny Virguez is a Instructional Assistant Professor at the Engineering Education Department at Uni- versity of
Conference Session
Student Advancement in Mechanics of Materials
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Johanna Paulette Doukakis, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
Tagged Divisions
Mechanics
specifically, differ from truly fundamental subjects.Mechanics is closer to engineering applications, unlike subjects such as mathematics, physics,chemistry, biology, astronomy and geography. It is distinct from the purely technological areasbecause of its strict system of logic. Due to this, and partly because of the large number ofconcepts and formulas that the students need to learn, MOS has been regarded as one of the mostdifficult undergraduate courses at Rutgers University. This can be validated by a two-tail t-testwith an α=.05 comparing the average D,W,F percentage spanning ten semesters for MOS at30.1% which was determined to be statistically significantly higher than any other courseofferings from the department with the next closest average
Conference Session
EM Skills and Concepts in the Real World
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Charles Thompson
the management of technology. This is a long established practice,particularly in the training of doctoral students who will be studying the management of realengineering organizations, although it is underreported in the current periodical literature. Theusefulness of this technique to practicing engineers and engineering managers, as distinguishedfrom researchers, will be discussed as a basis for justifying its application to undergraduateengineering students who may have no present interest in a career in research. Particularattention will be given to two evolving areas: student choice of projects; student critiquing ofprojects.No justification is required for the choice of projects by the instructor; from experience, theinstructor can
Conference Session
Learning Enhancements for CHE Courses
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Polly Piergiovanni; S. Scott Moor
Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development, Prentice-Hall (1984).15. D. Wyrick and L. Hilsen, “Using Kolb’s Cycle to Round Out Learning,” 2002 ASEE Annual Conference, session 3612 (June 2002).16. R. Felder, “Reaching the Second Tier: Learning and Teaching Styles in Engineering Education,” J. College Science Teaching, 23(5), 286-290 (1993).17. R. P. Hesketh, C. S. Slater, S. Farrell, and M. Carney, “Fluidized Bed Polymer Coating Experiment,” Chem. Eng. Ed. 36(2) 138 (2002).18. D. Geldart, "Types of gas fluidization" Powder Technology 7: 285-292 (1973).19. P. Pergiovanni, “Simple, Low-Cost Demonstrations for UO II (Mass Transfer Operations),“ 2003 ASEE Annual Conference (June 2003).20. Elenco Electronics, Inc
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Richard Upchurch; Judith Sims-Knight
Copyright  2001, American Society for Engineering Educationportfolio system itself. Using web technology increases accessibility by students and simplifies anumber of design decisions. Figure 2We use servlets to generate the page provided to users. Since the artifact collection is dynamic,when a student enters the system through login they are presented with the contents of theirstorage space based on the view they have chosen. A student may choose to view the collectionbased on a particular course or assignment. Figure 3 demonstrates how the system provides viewinformation to the student. In this particular case, the buttons on the left side of the windowindicate which views, in this case semesters
Conference Session
Improving Statics Instruction
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Paul S. Steif; Anna Dollar
, Miami University, Oxford, OhDegrees: Ph.D., M.S., Krakow University of Technology, Poland.Research area: solid mechanics and engineering education.PAUL S. STEIFProfessor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PaDegrees: Sc. B. 1979, Brown University; M.S. 1980, Ph.D. 1982, Harvard University.Research area: solid mechanics and engineering education. Page 10.1114.11 Proceedings of the 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright  2005, American Society for Engineering Education
Conference Session
Managing and Funding Design Projects
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Billy Smith
antenna deployment scheme and conclusively demonstratingantenna survival in the launch environment was the only way of avoiding a risky anddifficult total redesign of PCSat.By December of 2000, construction of PCSat had progressed to full-scale workingmodels of the frame and inner shelf. Mockups of the outer plates and antenna mountswere added to one of these models in such a way that the antennas could be tied down asthey would be during flight. The NRL Naval Center for Space Technology (NCST)generously offered the use of their vibration tables for flight simulation, and testing tookplace during the week between Christmas and New Year’s Day. T he NRL equipmentshook the engineering model to twice the vibrational loads expected during