Conference Session

BME Courses and Learning Activities

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Vernengo, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

for seniors,are presented here that involve the design of biomaterials for cartilage and bonereplacement. An assessment plan, to be executed during Spring 2011, will measurestudent mastery of learning outcomes specific to the field of biomaterials science andthose set forth by ABET for undergraduate Chemical Engineering programs. 1.  Introduction   Biomaterials have received considerable attention over the past 30 years.  A biomaterial has been defined as a material intended to interface with a biological system to evaluate, treat, augment, or replace any tissue organ or function in the body (1).  Therefore, the study of biomaterials encompasses the study of materials science, medicine, and biology. It is estimated that over 11 million

Conference Session

Computer Science Applications

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey A. Jalkio, University of Saint Thomas; Dan R. Schupp

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

computer science students understood computer function (most ofthem had not yet taken a computer architecture course), but rather that the liberal arts studentswere troubled by their ignorance while the technical students were not. Clearly, it would beuseful to provide the entire class with a basic understanding of how stored program computersfunction at a very simple level.In addition, for the purpose of the particular class, we determined that it would be useful tointroduce a few basic computer science concepts: 1. A finite set of operations can each be numbered and hence be uniquely identified by bit patterns. 2. One can often solve complex problems using algorithms consisting of a sequence of very simple primitive operations. 3

Conference Session

Incorporating Innovative Technologies into the Curriculum

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University; Tony Lee Kerzmann, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

studentsincluding the ones detailed below. Others are not within the reach of smaller schools such asDefense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA)’s Grand and Urban Challenge3. Someothers like SAE’s Formula Series4 may require greater resources compared to the ones below. The Institute of Navigation (ION)’s Robotic Lawn Mower Competition will be held June 2-4, 2011 in Beavercreek, Ohio5. The objective of the competition is to design and operate a robotic unmanned lawnmower using navigation to rapidly and accurately mow a field of grass. NASA’s 18th Annual Great Moonbuggy Race will be held April 1 - 2, 2011 in Huntsville, Alabama, at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center. Each Moonbuggy will be powered by two

Conference Session

Technological Literacy

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Krupczak, Hope College; Lauren Aprill; Mani Mina, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

exist between a set of facts,data, or ideas. An emphasis in concept mapping is on the depiction or illustration of connectionsand associations. Concept maps are particularly helpful in situations in which relationshipsbetween ideas are not in a simple linear progression. Concept maps rely on the use of the naturaltendency to associate position in space with organizational hierarchy. Figure 1 is an example ofa simple concept map. Concept maps are well-suited to describing technical systems. Concept maps are useful forcreating organization in situations in which a large number of pieces of information initiallyappear at the same level of significance. These are situations where an underlying order is likelyto exist but is not apparent on surface

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering in Silico

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Debra Gilbuena, Oregon State University; Ben Uriel Sherrett, Oregon State University; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

22.139.2Technology reported in 1997 that significant investment needed to be made in understandinglearning and supporting the development of best practices. In supporting best practices, thereport emphasized the need for large-scale studies to determine best practices and provideinformation on generalizability.1 The Interagency Education Research Initiative, formed inresponse to that report, was created to support research and develop a knowledge base to“support the development, testing, and implementation of scalable and sustainable interventionsto improve teaching and learning, particularly through the use of technology.”2 Additionally,funding agencies like the National Science Foundation (NSF) require a “broader impact”component in all grant proposals.3

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen J. Krause, Arizona State University; Jacquelyn E. Kelly, Arizona State University; Dale R. Baker, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

function.Examples of pre and post written descriptions and sketched models for five different students areshown below in Figure 1 for van der Waals bonding. Page 22.140.6Figure 1. Pre and Post Instruction Written and Sketched Descriptions of van der Waals Bonding.The data in Figure 1 show that for the pre-topic concept quiz, only 2 of 5 students provided awritten response, and 1 of 5 provided a sketched model of van der Waals bonding. Thedescription for student A0000 was only partially correct in describing the van der Waals bond instating that it was a "weak bond" while student A3743 stated it was a "flexible bond". Theseresults were representative of most

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald W. Welch, University of Texas, Tyler

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

anoutcome by performance level and percentage of overall grade.1.0 IntroductionThe American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) recognized the lack of certainknowledge and skills among civil engineering graduates at about the same time manyuniversities were experiencing pressure to decrease credit hours and decrease time tograduation. ASCE formed a committee to study and develop a Civil Engineering Body ofKnowledge (BOK)1 to document the requisite knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessaryfor future civil engineers. This new civil engineering BOK included the ABET2 EC20003a-k outcomes (adopted in 1997). Two key issues associated with the BOK were: 1) alack of a clear definition of expected performance levels by these new engineers eventhough the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Geoffrey L. Herman, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Michael C. Loui, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

Inventory at Multiple InstitutionsAbstract A concept inventory is a standard assessment tool that evaluates how well a student'sconceptual framework matches the accepted conceptual framework of a discipline. In this paper,we describe our development cycle to create a digital logic concept inventory. We show that theconcept inventory is a reliable and valid instrument even when administered at multipleinstitutions across the United States of America and can be used to evaluate the effectiveness ofdifferent pedagogies.1. Introduction Instructors in electrical and computer engineering and in computer science have developedinnovative methods to teach digital logic circuits. These methods attempt to increase

Conference Session

Tablet PC use in Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shreya Kothaneth, Virginia Tech; Catherine T. Amelink, Virginia Tech; Glenda R. Scales, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

main problems when it comes to adoption anddiffusion of instructional technology and they are personnel related, cost related, andinfrastructure related issues. Personnel related issues include organizational cultures that arehesitant to readily adopt new technologies. High cost of technology often prevents adoption anddiffusion and finally, unless there is a facilitating infrastructure, that allows potential users toaccess equipment and software whenever they need to, it will be very difficult to successfullyinstructional technology 1.The COE has been working on maximizing the use of the tablet PC in a number of ways. TheCOE created the Software Triage Team (SWAT) that is available 8 hours a day to provide freeassistance to students who face

Conference Session

Information Systems and Computing Potpourri

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alireza Kavianpour, DeVry University, Pomona

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

cycle, execution cycle, control unit, arithmetic logic unit, read/write memory, andinput/output operations. Most of the embedded applications we are familiar with use a MIPSprocessor. Therefore, as a teaching tool in a computer architecture course, MIPS processor andVHDL could be used for teaching different topics.1- IntroductionThere are now two industry standard for hardware description languages: VHDL and Verilog.The complexity of ASIC and FPGA designs has caused an increase in the number of specialistdesign consultants with specific tools and an increase in libraries of macro and mega cellswritten in either VHDL or Verilog. VHDL became IEEE standard 1076 in 1987. It was updatedin 1993 and is known today as "IEEE standard 1076 1993". VHDL is

Conference Session

Reports from ADVANCE Institutions

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Suzanne Zurn-Birkhimer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Susan Ruth Geier, Purdue University; Chris Sahley, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

ADVANCE-Purdue, focuses on developing programming andimplementing activities for the success of all faculty designed around three goals: 1) to increasethe number of women of color in STEM faculty positions, 2) to improve the success of allwomen STEM faculty, and 3) to engage all faculty in transforming the institution. ADVANCE-Purdue continually provides the campus leadership with evidence of program effectiveness thatwill offer a basis for campus-wide changes to policy and practice.Ultimately, PCFS seeks to support all women faculty in their career paths and hence developedthe Leadership Institute (LI). The goal of the LI is to provide leadership developmentopportunities and enhance the success for post-tenure faculty, with a focus on STEM

Conference Session

Advanced Aerospace Student Projects

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Narayanan M. Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

drag, relating classical theory to detailed procedures using modern computer-aided design and conducting validations against linear theory. Results deal with the learningtechniques that students used in each case, the experience of their use of cross-disciplinary,in-depth learning resources, and their adaptation to the idea of participating in advancedconcept development which requires imagination and innovation, in courses where depth isdemanded. The notion of a Figure of Merit is used again to focus thinking on assessing,improving and validating concepts.introductionAt the 2010 Annual Conference [1], we presented the experience from 3 levels of studentspursuing the idea that supersonic airliners fuelled with liquid hydrogen are viable in the

Conference Session

FPD X: First-Year Design with Projects, Modeling, and Simulation

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Clifford A. Whitfield, Ohio State University; Philip Schlosser, Ohio State University; John A Merrill, Ohio State University; Elizabeth Riter, Ohio State University; Kuldeep Agarwal, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

success among students with learning disabilities. Dr. Merrill currently serves as an advisor for Engineers for Community Service (ECOS), a student-run organization at Ohio State. He teaches a Service-Learning course for Engineering students, which also involves traveling to Honduras with his students over Spring Break to implement projects on behalf of a rural orphanage. He is a two-time recipient of the College of Engineering’s Boyer Award for Excellence in Teaching. Address: The Ohio State University, 2070 Neil Ave., 244E Hitchcock Hall, Columbus, OH 43210-1278; telephone: (+1) 614.292.0650; fax: (+1) 614.247.6255; e-mail: merrill.25@osu.edu.Ms. Elizabeth Riter, Ohio State University Elizabeth is currently a

Conference Session

Program Criteria, Assessment, and Sustainability in Civil Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mikhail Gershfeld, S.E., California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Judith Ellen Sheine, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Gary LeMarr McGavin, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Department of Architecture

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

(whatexactly is “materiality”?), by their unfamiliarity with researching and learning through case stu-dies, something that the architecture students do almost every term, and with the unconventionaldesigns proposed by the architecture students. The architecture students were not comfortablewith accepting the reality of wood construction and adjusting their designs to meet the limita-tions of the material, with making basic design decisions early enough for the engineers to com-plete their analysis by the end of the quarter, and with having an elective that was structured sothat they essentially had two studio classes in one quarter.Several challenges emerged in this first class. It became fairly clear, that (1) the class should beset up as a full

Conference Session

FPD X: First-Year Design with Projects, Modeling, and Simulation

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mario Gomes, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

University, severalopen-ended freshman engineering design projects were created in each engineering depart-ment.1 The complexity, costs, and design of these projects varies widely between universitiesand also varies over time at the same university as well. However, in general most of thesefreshman design courses have the same objectives: to apply basic engineering principles toa project, build on concepts learned in their physics and math courses, to think creatively,to develop teamwork skills, to understand the the basics of the engineering profession. Thedesign project described in this paper was created for undergraduate freshman mechanicalengineering students. The pre-requisites for the course included high-school physics, algebra,geometry, and

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laila Guessous, Oakland University; Qian Zou, Oakland University; Brian P. Sangeorzan, Oakland University; Xia Wang, Oakland University; Gary Barber, Oakland University; Lorenzo M. Smith, Oakland University; LianXiang Yang, Oakland University; David Schall, Oakland University, Department of Mechanical Engineering; Michael A. Latcha, Oakland University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

-life research is one of the most effective ways to attract and retaintalented undergraduates and motivate them towards pursuing careers in engineering and science.1-4 Data indicates that undergraduate students in general, and women and minority students inparticular, report increased skills, confidence and motivation to pursue science or engineeringcareers as a result of research experiences, positive relations with mentors, supportive campusclimate and opportunities to have the students’ work recognized through conferencepresentations or awards.5 Undergraduate research is one way for students to feel more connectedto their educational experience, to see the value of scientific inquiry in the “real world,” to feel agreater sense of

Conference Session

SE Capstone Design Projects, Part I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Stansbury, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach; Massood Towhidnejad, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach; Jayson F. Clifford; Michael P. Dop, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering, Systems Engineering

willingto admit their development issues without undue ridicule or retribution. Page 22.151.3Walking Skeleton and Early VictoryThe walking skeleton is an essential element of Cockburn’s Crystal Clear process3. A walkingskeleton is a functional system of hardware and software representing the work to date. Witheach iteration, the teams add more features to the skeleton, fleshing it out, toward the finalwhole. Toward the end of the project, the walking skeleton can be refactored into the finaldeliverable. The design of the current skeleton is usually communicated through diagrams suchas those shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Artifacts from osmotic

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Issues Part II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca A. Bates, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

example, therace to the moon coincided neatly with the original Star Trek television series. The interchangebetween creative work and technical development is especially fun to examine in the field ofartificial intelligence, where there are many examples ranging from Isaac Asimov stories toWall-E to intelligent artificial agents within many games.The course goals of AI & SciFi include 1) presenting students with a fun opportunity to improvetheir writing, 2) exploring the social impact of the field of AI, 3) preparing students to deal withethical questions that will arise in their professional careers, 4) connecting students to thebroader culture of the technical community, 5) exploring connections between creativity in artsand in computer

Conference Session

Teaching Dynamics

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristi J. Shryock, Texas A&M University; Arun R. Srinivasa, Texas A&M University, Department of Mechanical Engineering; Jefferey E. Froyd, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

latter courses is directly correlated to success in statics.”1) Analysis of Exam and Homework Problems in Statics and Dynamics CourseTo answer the first two questions for a sophomore engineering course in statics and dynamics ata large public university, the authors asked engineering faculty members who teach the coursefor problems they felt illustrated the prerequisite mathematics and physics mechanics knowledgeand skills students should have mastered when they entered the course. The authors felt thiswould be more informative than asking for a long list of expectations as faculty could havemisconceptions regarding what skills they think students should be able to do and what isactually needed in their course. While the faculty members provided

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship Courses and Outcomes II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William D. Schindel, ICTT System Sciences; Samuel N. Peffers, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; James H. Hanson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Jameel Ahmed, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; William A. Kline, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

beyond an initial creative mental leap. We accept that (1) certaindiscipline-specific technical competencies traditionally addressed by engineering educationalprograms can be important to innovation, and (2) we likewise accept that a collection of non-technical traits are also vital to successful innovators. However, in this paper we argue that thecombination of (1) discipline-specific technical skills and (2) non-technical competencies ismissing an entire dimension. This third dimension is a technical one, but not specific to adiscipline: it is the set of systems competencies. The resulting three-dimensional model providesan integrated view of the competencies of innovation, against which educators can plan, educate,and measure

Conference Session

Innovative Adult and Technology Enhanced Programs

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin James Wainwright, BC Institute of Technology; Barbara Ellen Endicott-Popovsky, University of Washington, Information School; Sarah A. Rajala, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

like to start a business. c) Wish to obtain immediate employment.The organization of this paper is as follows: The next section gives a brief overview of theCanadian Forces training modules that are relevant to this project. Section three describes thebasic program structure at BCIT. Section four explains the reservist re-entry program at BCITand section five gives a summary of results and initial findings.Canadian Forces Military Training Modules3The following is a brief overview of the reservists’ formal military training covered in ouranalysis: Page 22.155.3 Figure 1: Overview of Canadian Forces Training ProgramAll

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Education in Engineering Technology

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen R. Fleeman, Rock Valley College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

asvideos, to be delivered asynchronously, but paced to ensure timely completion. Laboratoryactivities are still conducted to provide students with hands-on experiences and direct interactionwith their professors and other students. The design of alternative-format hybrid classes leadsinherently to a detailed, concise, week-by-week course construction. This paper includes fivesections: (1) Alternative Energy – A Comprehensive Overview, (2) Designing a Curriculum forAssessment, (3) The Pros and Cons of a Hybrid Course Design, (4) The Critical Issues ofEnrollments and Employment, and (5) Conclusions and Future Development. The SES degreeprogram curriculum at Rock Valley College finishes its first two years of delivery in June 2011.1. Alternative

Conference Session

Focus on Capstone Experiences in the Chemical Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Lepek, The Cooper Union; Richard J. Stock, Cooper Union

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

biological and biomedical applications of chemical engineering. Page 22.157.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Alternative Lab Reports – Engineering Effective CommunicationIntroductionFor many chemical engineering undergraduate programs, required laboratory sequences allowstudents to experience hands-on applications of chemical engineering principles outside theclassroom. After students have successfully completed their laboratory experiments, their resultsare analyzed and typically written up as a classic laboratory report [1-2]. In addition, prior totaking their chemical

Conference Session

FPD 3: Research on First-year Programs and Students, Part I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malinda S. Zarske, University of Colorado, Boulder; Derek T. Reamon, University of Colorado, Boulder; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

clients during the PBSL-based section of the course. Theinstructor treated the projects between both sections equally, and, when queried, did not thinkthat client-based design would have a greater impact on student learning or attitudes.Student demographics for both sections (n = 66) are provided in Table 1. Ethnicity was recordedas either students who are underrepresented in engineering (URM) or majority students (MAJ).MAJ students included White and Asian students, while URM students included AfricanAmerican, Hispanic, Native American and Multicultural students.Table 1. Fall 2009 and 2010 First-Year Engineering Projects (FYEP) course demographics, with rawnumbers followed by percentage of the whole. Course

Conference Session

Modeling and Problem-Solving

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Morris M. Girgis, Central State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

solve problem scenarios. Specifically, our research attempted toanswer two questions. The first question asked how effective the scaffolding approach is forteaching problem-solving while simultaneously addressing academic diversity. The secondquestion focused on how this approach could best be implemented in project-based instruction.B. Project TasksTable 1 explains the problem-solving related tasks, gained knowledge or skill, and theappropriate engineering taxonomic units or taxa. These taxa6 are identified as follows: I. Pre-knowledge Conceptual Experiences Page 22.159.4 II. Basic Conceptual Knowledge III. Applied Conceptual knowledge IV

Conference Session

Innovations in Power Engineering Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dale S.L. Dolan, California Polytechnic State University; Taufik Taufik, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

and hardware portions along with its sampleresults will be presented.1. IntroductionPower electronics is an engineering discipline that deals with the conversion of electrical energyfrom one form to another. Power electronics has become increasingly important nowadays wherebillions of kilo-watts of electric power are being re-processed every day to provide the kind ofpower needed by loads1. Due to the rapid growth in power electronics technology, there has beenan increased presence of engineering companies who come during the career fair at Cal Poly torecruit electrical engineering (EE) students with power electronics background. This in turn hastriggered a great interest among our EE students in the field of power electronics as indicated

Conference Session

Female Faculty, Learning, NSF, and ABET Issues at Two-Year Colleges

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David A. Koonce, Ohio University; Valerie Martin Conley, Ohio University; Dyah A. Hening, Ohio University; Cynthia D. Anderson, Ohio University

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

engineers. Occupations in natural sciences related disciplines also have a highfrequency of being defined as STEM fields.Table 1 lists STEM definition used for this work based on the high frequency of occurrence ineducational and occupational definitions.Variables IdentificationMost of the literature regarding success measurement provides qualitative analysis. Palmer(2003) wrote a report that examined the differences between the subgroups of faculty and staffwithin the public 2-year sector. Page 22.161.3Palmer6 described the differences in the age reflecting the concern of the impending turnover forthe gradually aging faculty. In NSOPF 1993, the

Conference Session

Manufacturing Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig T. Evers P.E., Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

ofthe IAB, the course emphasis was on the application of a variety of advanced qualitytools used to plan, implement and communicate an effective quality program. Theschedule of topics is shown in Table 1 below. Page 22.162.3 Topic Introduction - Supplier Relationships and Requirements, Supplier Quality Manuals 8D APQP/PPAP QMS/QFD Gage R&R, Control Plans FMEA, DFMEA, PFMEA FMEA, DFMEA, PFMEA Process Maps Process Capability

Conference Session

Research on Engineering Design Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leslie Reed, Purdue University; Michael J. Dyrenfurth, Purdue University, College of Technology, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

projects, with an emphasis on planning and design alternatives to meet cost,performance, and user-interface goals. One of the course requirements is the completion of theconceptualization and initial development phases of an electronic device that accomplishes astudent-defined task or solves a student-defined problem. Student projects are taken tocompletion in two subsequent self-directed laboratory courses, Project Design and Development,Phase I and II. The students who volunteered to participate in the study (n=40) ranged in agefrom 21 to 35, and most were white, non-Hispanic males from within the state, with nearly halfof them starting as freshman in the ECET program. The cohort included 1 female, 3 African-Americans, 3 Hispanics and 1

Conference Session

What Else do Environmental Engineers Need to Know

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brett Borup, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

. Page 22.164.2The decision making process has been well studied. The specific approaches to the decisionmaking process are as varied as the decision situations; however, it is widely accepted that thefollowing are the important elements of the process1,2,3: 1) Definition of the problem 2) Listing alternatives 3) Definition of criterion, values, or objectives that will be used for evaluation 4) Quantification of the importance of each criterion, value, or objective 5) Evaluation of each alternative for each criterion, value, or objective 6) Choice of a course of action based on the evaluationTo make better decisions in the wastewater treatment plant design process it is necessary tounderstand the values held