Conference Session

Track 6: Technical Session 6: WIP: Factors Influencing Faculty Pedagogical Decisions around Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Justice (DEIJ) in Engineering: A Comparative Case Study

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Avis Carrero, Tufts University

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2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

backgrounds. In the deductive analysis (Cycles 2 and 4), elements from theconceptual framework (e.g., APM, WRC/FB), research questions, and existing literature wereapplied to deductively code the data [47], [48], examining how academic strategies influencepedagogical choices and how faculty racial consciousness affects equity-oriented practices.Deductive codes focus on topics such as faculty experiences, motivations, beliefs on equity, DEIJintegration, institutional priorities, systemic inequities, DEIJ adoption, faculty mindsets, and theculture of engineering education. Throughout the analysis, memos capture researcher’s initial thoughts, connecting themesto the conceptual framework, reflections on research goals, methodological decisions

Conference Session

Track 5: Technical Session 1: Evaluating the five pillars of a Summer Bridge Program and their influence on participants' intentions to complete an engineering degree

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Lorena Benavides-Riano, Mississippi State University; Mahnas Jean Mohammadi-Aragh, Mississippi State University

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2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

motivated and take the necessaryaction to handle potential scenarios based on their beliefs about their own efficacy [12]. For thepurpose of the study, the interest is to understand if participants feel confident in performing wellin academics, experiments, and engineering design[13]. These approaches reflect how thelearning experiences contained in each pillar of the program might influence participants' beliefin succeeding in engineering curriculums.Goal Orientation Achievement goal theories study individual motivation to engage or not in educationaltasks. This can be measured either by personal improvement (mastery) or by comparing oneselfto others (performance). When goal achievement focuses on mastery, the purpose is to gain newskills

Conference Session

Track 4: Technical Session 5: Impact of Generative AI Technologies on Blind and Visually Impaired Students: A Case Study

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Lance Leon Allen White, Texas A&M University; Sara Amani, Texas A&M University; Trini Sofia Balart, Texas A&M University; Amanda Kate Lacy; Gene Sung-Ho Kim, Stanford University; Gibin Raju, Texas A&M University; Karan Watson P.E., Texas A&M University; Kristi J. Shryock, Texas A&M University

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2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

complex and understaffed disability services, and societal biases that can furtherhinder access Amanda’s story exemplifies these obstacles: a turning point in her academicjourney occurred in elementary school when she received her first laptop, sparking an interest incomputing that later evolved into a career as a quality assurance specialist focused onaccessibility at a Forbes Fortune 100 company. This achievement is notable, given thataccessibility was often an afterthought in her educational environments, a reality that,regrettably, persists today. Her experiences reflect broader issues facing blind and visuallyimpaired students pursuing STEM careers in the 21st century.Recognizing and celebrating the achievements of STEM professionals who

Conference Session

Track 4: Technical Session 1: Report of a Survey of Early Career Latinx Engineers: Trends across 3 Years in Perceptions of the Workplace, Social Cognitions, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intentions

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Lisa Y Flores, University of Missouri - Columbia; Rachel L Navarro, University of North Dakota; Jinkoo Lee, University of Missouri - Columbia; Bo Hyun Lee, The Ohio State University; Han Na Suh, Georgia State University - Perimeter College; Sarah Lynn Orton P.E., University of Missouri - Columbia; Pat Garriott

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2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

on Latinx in engineering.Latinx are the youngest and one of the fastest growing groups in the US, comprising 17% of population.They accounted for a significant proportion of the population growth since 2000 and are projected to comprise30% of population by 2050.These trends are reflected in our public schools, where their representation is increasing. And they are a growingsegment of the US labor force…where almost 1 in 5 workers in the workforce today are Latinx. 2 Background search

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Surupa Shaw, Texas A&M University; Danaii Anitzel Elizondo, Texas A&M University

instructional practices in higher education, using methods such as faculty reflections and focus groups, and found that while instructors successfully implemented more active learning strategies in smaller classes, challenges in managing participation and adjusting teaching methods suggest that course difficulty, alongside class size, plays a crucial role in shaping student engagement and academic outcomes.f. Class Pace: The speed and comprehensiveness of material delivery within the course duration.g. Interaction and Support: Access to resources, guidance, and feedback provided by the instructor. Kang et al. [11] investigated student perceptions of course effectiveness in large classes, using surveys administered to students over three

Conference Session

Track 2: Technical Session 1: Pulled In or Pushed Out? Underrepresented Minority High School Students Describe Socio-environmental Factors Shaping STEM Persistence and Post-Secondary Plans

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Alexis Grace Daniels, Johns Hopkins University; Rachel E Durham; Michael L Falk, The Johns Hopkins University; Alisha Nicole Sparks, The Johns Hopkins University; Emily J Yanisko, American University

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2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

-environmental factors shaping STEM persistence and post-secondary plans Pulled in or pushed out? Underrepresented minority high school students describe socio- environmental factors shaping STEM persistence and post-secondary plans AbstractIntroductionThis research applies the Phenomenological Variant of Ecological Systems Theory to understandthe persistence of racially underrepresented minority (URM) youth in STEM pathways. URMyouth aspire to STEM careers at the same rate as White peers [1], but Black and Latinx studentsleave STEM disciplines at nearly twice the rate of White students [2]. As a result, the STEMworkforce does not reflect the country’s diversity. Literature reveals key

Conference Session

Track 2: Technical Session 4: Research- and Practice-Informed Insights for Recognizing Rurality in Engineering Education

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Malle R Schilling, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Jacob R Grohs, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

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2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Shenghua Wu, University of South Alabama; Min-Wook Kang, University of South Alabama; John Cleary, University of South Alabama; Lisa LaCross, University of South Alabama

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Diversity, Professional Papers

the paper’s structure and apply these resourceseffectively to their work.3.3 Instructor Reflection and RecommendationsAfter submitting their first drafts, students are asked to provide an honest self-assessment score(1-100) on their drafts. The average score is 69.7, with the highest score being 80 and the lowest60, indicating that students are still on the learning curve. After submitting their final drafts,students reassess their work, and the average score increase to 72.4, with the highest score being85 and the lowest 65. Although the improvement in self-assessment is not highly significant, itdoes show increases across the board, including both the average and the high and low ends. Theinstructor also evaluates the final quality of the

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Omar McFarlane Sweeney, University of Florida; Vani Ruchika Pabba, University of Florida; Fazil T. Najafi, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Papers

change induced disasters rather than on expenditure forsustainable development.Several relevant technologies, such as solar, wind, wave, geothermal, and biomass, createsustainable cities. For instance, cities can achieve zero-waste goals using biomass as part of anintegrated waste management plan. Sustainable cities must use an integrated resource energyplan to meet their inhabitants' energy demands and provide redundancy in case of impacts toother sources.Sustainable city design should incorporate local design practices and societal customs, such asthe traditional Arabic concrete screens in Masdar City that provide shade and mask an innerlight-reflecting layer of aluminum to keep buildings cool [2]. Sustainable city designs will alsoneed to use

Conference Session

Track 6: Technical Session 4: WIP: investigate recruitment strategies used by engineering bridge and success programs to recruit underserved students

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Xinyu Zhang, Purdue University; Lynette Michaluk, West Virginia University; N’Diya Harris, Wright State University; Ansley Lynn Shamblin, West Virginia University

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2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

]. Additional challenges inrecruitment were reported during and after COVID [3, 26, 27].Effective recruitment strategies should consider factors critical to both students’ awareness anddecision making. Practical recruitment methods (e.g., language, personalization, communicationmethods, parental involvement, etc.) can impact the effectiveness of recruiting underrepresentedstudents [28, 29]. For example, it has been suggested that the use of gender-fair language canreduce male bias during job recruitment [30]. Woods et al. increased their female engineeringundergraduate enrollment by changing their recruitment materials and website to reflect factorsimportant to both men and women and they added information about helping others, theenvironment, working

Conference Session

Track 6: Technical Session 1: Gendered Impacts of Code Critiquers on Self-Efficacy in First-Year Engineering Students.

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Mary Benjamin, Michigan Technological University; Laura Albrant, Michigan Technological University; Michelle E Jarvie-Eggart P.E., Michigan Technological University; Leo C. Ureel II, Michigan Technological University; Laura E Brown, Michigan Technological University; Jon Sticklen, Michigan Technological University; AJ Hamlin, Michigan Technological University

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2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

students consenting toparticipate, resulting in a 90% participation rate.No control group was used in this study, as only one offering of the class was available in thespring semester. The lack of a control group is acknowledged as a limitation, and this isdiscussed further in the limitations section. The fall semester includes several offerings ofENG1101. Current research is repeating this work in the fall semester with control groups (classofferings in which the intervention is not implemented).ParticipantsThe gender distribution of the participants was as follows: 37 (58.7%) identified as male, 26students(41.3%) identified as female, and one student (1.6%) identified as non-binary. Thisbreakdown reflects a slightly higher proportion of male

Conference Session

Track 7: Technical Session 3: Latine STEM Doctoral Students' Perceptions Regarding Doctoral Mentoring Relationships - A Qualitative Study

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Dilara Yaya-Bryson Ph.D., University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Lisa R Merriweather, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

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2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

this inquiry could be expanded beyond STEM fields, capturing Latine students and otherracially minoritized student populations from different fields to enhance the literature. AcknowledgmentsThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Nos.1820536, 1820538, and 1820582. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed inthis material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National ScienceFoundation. References[1] A. Bandura, “Social cognitive theory in cultural context,” Applied Psychology, 51(2), 269-290, 2002.[2] B. M. Morgan and L. F. Alcocer, “Descriptive

Conference Session

Track 2: Technical Session 1: Pathways into Statistics and Data Science for Low-Income, Academically Talented Undergraduate Students

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Erin Carll, University of Washington; Aryaa Rajouria, University of Washington; Rebecca Schachtman, University of Washington; Judith E Canner; Jackie Bryce Miller, University of California, Santa Barbara; Abel Rodriguez, University of Washington

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2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

],which reflects broader trends in STEM more broadly [8], [9], [10]. In addition to helping toequip members of our societies to understand and assess the vast information they come intocontact with in their day-to-day lives, expanding participation in SDS will be important asprofessionals in this field have an increasing presence in the labor market and the broad array ofsectors that employ them [11]. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that the number ofdata science jobs will grow by 35% between 2022 and 2032, growth it characterizes as “muchfaster than average” [12]. Appropriate representation in the field could improve the capacity ofunderrepresented groups to help shape many aspects of life and culture in the United States

Collection

2025 ASEE North Central Section (NCS) Annual Conference

Authors

Shuyu Wang, The Ohio State University; Rachel Louis Kajfez, The Ohio State University

] engaged speakers fromthe food justice system, who not only presented real-world insights but also contextualizedthe challenges within broader societal issues. These interactions offered students anopportunity to understand the complexities of real-world problems from those activelyworking in the field, bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and practicalapplication.In contrast, studies using pre-designed projects or questions often adopted role-playingmethods to simulate the involvement of diverse stakeholders in real-world problem-solvingprocesses. For example, Tembrevilla et al. [7] incorporated role-play activities in first-yearengineering courses, allowing students to experience team dynamics reflective ofinterdisciplinary

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Mazen I. Hussein, Tennessee Technological University

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Professional Papers

initially identified through the cause-and-effect diagram, others usedit to explore additional issues. This dual approach allowed for deeper reflection, enablingstudents to identify root causes behind their struggles and think critically about potentialsolutions.When using the 5Whys methodology in response to the prompt, “Use the 5Whys method toidentify the root cause of a daily life problem by completing the chart,” students initiallyidentified academic challenges and time and life management as primary effect categories.However, when using the 5Whys method, the proportion of issues related to time and lifemanagement rose to 29%, making it equally significant as academic challenges, as illustrated inFigure 3 and Table 2. Notably, the health and

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Anna K. T. Howard, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Sally J. Pardue, Tennessee Technological University

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

approaches work.) ●​ We need to teach when and why to use a formula, not what the formula is (which will forevermore be something they can look up.) ●​ We need to teach solution evaluation. (How will they know if the computer is correct?) ●​ We need to ask students to reflect on their priorities. ●​ We need to teach study skills, goal setting, and delayed gratification. Explicitly.Engineers have two basic jobs: build something so it doesn’t break and figure out why it broke. Wemust understand the thought processes which good engineers take to do those two jobs. Engineeringeducation is at an exciting (or terrifying) inflection point. We can look at advances like AI asamazing new techniques which free us to do more exciting stuff in the

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Eva Singleton, The Citadel Military College

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

emotions and use emotions to enhance thinking including the ability to perceive emotions,to assess and generate emotions to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotionalknowledge, and to reflectively regulate emotion as to promote emotional and intellectual growth[2], [10], [11]. EI is the ability to understand, manage, and use one’s emotions and the emotionsof others to accomplish goals, navigate complexity, or make informed decisions [3][10].EI as a FoundationThere are four skills, known as the four branches, which are the abilities to perceive emotions,use emotions to facilitate thought, understand emotions, and manage emotions [9]. Perceivingemotions is the foundation of the branches because if emotions cannot be recognized, then

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Vivek Singhal, University of Wisconsin - Stout; Kenan Baltaci, University of Wisconsin - Stout

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

challenges. Journal responses and hands-on learning centers,advocated by Finlayson [5], promote active learning and personal reflection, enhancingstudents' engagement and understanding. Additionally, virtual and anonymousplatforms for quantitative literacy, emphasized by Latiolais [3], provide alternativeavenues for student participation, particularly benefiting those uncomfortable intraditional classroom settings. These strategies collectively contribute to fostering asupportive and inclusive learning environment that encourages both academic growthand personal development.This study focuses on implementing two easily applied assessment-based strategies in anumerical methods course. The rationale for both these strategies is supported

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Adaline M. Buerck, Mercer University

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

get a better idea of what social marketing work would be like in practice.”Other aspects of the class that were mentioned were guest speakers and case studies that werediscussed through the semester as they provided practical examples of how social marketing isbeing used. The main drawbacks or things students would change focused on the project being agroup assignment and having a hard time meeting with their group indicating to change some ofthe group assignments to individual assignments or provide more group work time in class.Conclusion & RecommendationsResponses to the pre-post survey indicate that the eight learning objectives for the course weremet. However, based on this instructor reflection and student feedback multiple updates

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Vivek Singhal, University of Wisconsin - Stout; Kenan Baltaci, University of Wisconsin - Stout

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Papers

communication and teamworkskills, which are critical for success in industry settings.By reflecting on two years of course implementation, this paper provides practical insights intohow strategic partnerships with industry experts can enhance student learning and ensure therelevance of course content. The findings demonstrate that meaningful courses that extendbeyond the expertise of a single instructor can be created through collaboration with industryprofessionals. This paper aims to serve as a guide for educators interested in developing similarcollaborative courses, offering a model for bridging the gap between academic theory andindustry practice. Through dedication and strategic partnerships, even educators without priormedical device expertise

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

JuEun Lee, Humboldt State University; Joshua Paul Steimel, Humboldt State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Papers

, only 28% of first-year students persistedthrough to their fourth year, a rate reflective of typical trends in mechanical engineeringprograms. However, the first cohort completing the advising pilot program exhibited a retentionrate of 76%—a substantial improvement that highlights the importance of early intervention andconsistent faculty-student engagement throughout the academic journey. This data was onlycollected for the control group and the first cohort of the new advising model as there have onlybeen four years of data collection. It will be very informative to measure the 4-year, 5,-yuear,and 6-year graduation rates of the cohort and that data will be available in the coming years but itappears to be strongly correlated with retention

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Adam Barnes, University of Virginia

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

. • Work Ethic: This category will be similar to Professionalism in that the students’ attitude may present differently to the instructor than the other team members. However, there should be a strong correlation between work ethic and work accomplished, so the instructor should get a good feel for the student performance in this category, posing notwithstanding. • Overall Contribution: This is an important category for the students, because it can reflect skills like leadership and creativity that are important for team function but difficult to pin down in a list of accomplishments. Like Communication, the instructor perception of this category will be more anecdotal. • Work Distribution: This

Collection

2025 Northeast Section Conference

Authors

Christopher Brown; Sumith Yesudasan

gathered from [11].higher frequencies which represent smaller surface Once the GPHS module model was completed its Yung’sirregularities modulus of elasticity as well as its Poisson’s ratio was found[8]. This function is reflected in the Department of analytically using stress and strain simulation in COMSOLDefense’s PSD which is defined in their testing method Multiphysics. The density of the GPHS was calculated usingstandards MIL-STD-810G COMSOL’s [10] random the recorded weight and dimensions of the assembly [12].vibration study uses a PSD as well as vibrational input data These values were then applied to a box of the sameduring

Collection

2025 Northeast Section Conference

Authors

Gowtham Raj Vuppari; Navarun Gupta; Ahmed El-Sayed; Xingguo Xiong

-based The Wildfire Dataset Method classification for 96.10% (2025) wildfire detection Fig. 8 Training vs Validation Loss Graph TABLE 2. Comparison of Proposed and Other AlgorithmsThe model used 1089.92 MB of memory shown in “Fig. 9”, Percentage of Accuracydemonstrating efficient GPU usage. Reflecting computationalchallenge, the backward pass required 0.0243 seconds; the Model Accuracyforward pass took 0.0072 seconds for each batch

Collection

2025 Northeast Section Conference

Authors

Bushra Rayyan Qadri; Arthur McAdams; Peter Cavanaugh; Dan Tenney; Ali Baker

deviceorganizational cultures that they have personal experience connects to local Wi-Fi, enabling businesses to analyze trafficwith. The analysis must include organizational beliefs and trends, optimize staffing, and gain deeper insights intovalues. and artifacts. Students work on a single organization customer movement patterns. Students worked closely with aindividually, then share the team and reflect on how each data engineer from Foot Traffic Stats to complete three stagesorganization is represented in their artifact’s values and beliefs. of the project. The first stage involved developing a projectEach group assesses the strength of each culture studied. plan. The second stage required installing

Collection

2025 Northeast Section Conference

Authors

Saddam Alkhamaiesh; Peter Cavanugh

validation strategies, including: • Triangulation: The integration of interviews, policy documents, and secondary data sources to enhance 3) Communication and Stakeholder Collaboration credibility [36]. • Reflexivity: Continuous researcher reflection to • Stakeholders, including educational institutions, mitigate biases in data interpretation [37]. labor unions, dealerships, and government agencies, • Peer Review: Independent coding verification by a played pivotal roles in EV training initiatives. second researcher to ensure consistency and • Most states engaged stakeholders using a mix of accuracy [38

Collection

2025 Northeast Section Conference

Authors

Nusrat Zahan; Sidike Paheding

++ [8] X. Zhang, R. Ng, and Q. Chen, “Single image reflection with attention mechanism (aug, 10.1080/0952813x. separation with perceptual losses,” in Proceedings of 2024.2383659, 2024),” JOURNAL OF EXPERIMEN- the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern TAL & THEORETICAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, recognition, 2018, pp. 4786–4794. 2024. [9] R. Feng, J. Gu, Y. Qiao, and C. Dong, “Suppressing model overfitting for image super-resolution networks,” in Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Com- puter Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, 2019, pp. 0–0.[10] R. Timofte, R. Rothe, and L. Van Gool, “Seven ways to

Conference Session

Track 6: Technical Session 6: An Exploratory Analysis of Cultural Capital Among Black Engineering Students at Minority Serving Institutions

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Jerrod A Henderson, University of Houston - COE; Cheery Chukwukelu, University of Houston; David Horton Jr., University of Houston

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2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

iscrucial for non-Black faculty to adopt anti-deficit approaches to effectively educatestudents of color.The bi-directional nature of capital is reflected in mentees harnessing and building theircapital in the same way mentors may be supporting their own cultural wealth.Previous studies (Tolbert Smith, 2022; Samuelson & Litzler, 2016) have recognized that akey motivator for students to persist in engineering is the idea that they may be able tohelp the future generation do better in engineering. This manifests in creation of mentor-mentee relationships and continued peer support. These relationships exhibit overlaps ofsocial, aspirational, and navigational capital.Student organizations like NSBE are great hubs for Black students to come

Conference Session

Track 1: Technical Session 1: Fostering Tomorrow's Black STEM Entrepreneurs: Insights from an Innovative STEM Program Promoting Equity-Centered Entrepreneurship

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Ebony Omotola McGee, The Johns Hopkins University; Shelly Engelman, The Johns Hopkins University; Binh Chi Bui, The Johns Hopkins University

Tagged Topics

2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

who look like me.” This response highlights a commitment to addressing disparitiesthrough entrepreneurial endeavors. Similarly, another student stated, “No connections at thismoment. But living in food deserts has motivated me to pursue a degree in Agriculture to make apositive change in my own environment.” These statements reflect a broader theme of leveragingentrepreneurship to foster community equity and improve local conditions. Overall, the thematicanalysis reveals that while these students may lack personal role models, their entrepreneurialaspirations are deeply influenced by a desire to create equitable solutions and address communityneeds

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Randall D. Manteufel, The University of Texas at San Antonio

widespread use of AI in engineering courses. Summary and ConclusionsAlthough the engineering education literature reflects the introduction of AI and highlights itswidespread implications, a survey of 22 senior-level mechanical engineering students in the Fall of2024 shows how little adoption there is of AI in the curriculum. A few instructors have adoptedmodules or activities that introduce AI to students, but even this modest exposure to AI is limited toonly a few courses. AI is primarily used for writing assignments and coding, where it assists inenhancing, streamlining, or reviewing AI-generated code. There was no course-wide implementationof AI to enhance student learning. There are numerous examples of how