Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Bryn Elizabeth Seabrook, University of Virginia

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

Paper ID #45474AI Unleashed: Navigating Ethical Integration of Generative Tools in an UndergraduateClassroomDr. Bryn Elizabeth Seabrook, University of Virginia Bryn Seabrook is an Assistant Professor in Science, Technology, and Society at the University of Virginia. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025 AI Unleashed: Navigating Ethical Integration of Generative Tools in an Undergraduate ClassroomAbstractAs generative AI tools increasingly permeate educational settings, the need for a criticalexamination of their integration in undergraduate classrooms becomes paramount

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Erin Bosarge, University of South Alabama

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Papers

Engineering Education, 2025 Project-Based Learning and the AI4K12 Framework in High School AI Curriculum: A Systematic ReviewAbstract— This systematic literature review investigates how Project-Based Learning (PBL) andthe AI4K12 Five Big Ideas framework enhance high school students' AI literacy, includingfunctionality, application, and ethics. Six peer-reviewed empirical studies were synthesized toaddress four research questions: the observed learning outcomes and challenges of high schoolAI education, the use of PBL pedagogy, and the inclusion of the AI4K12 Five Big Ideas.The purpose of this study is to explore effective methods for integrating AI literacy into existinghigh school curricula. This urgency stems

Conference Session

Technical Sessions 1

Collection

2024 Fall ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Zhou Zhang, SUNY Farmingdale State College; Yizhe Chang, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

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Professional Papers

achieved significant improvements in project quality,depth, and originality. However, the paper also highlights ethical concerns, particularly regardingplagiarism, algorithmic bias, and data privacy. Through a comprehensive analysis, the study un-derscores the transformative potential of Generative AI while advocating for ethical guidelines toensure responsible usage in engineering education. Future work will focus on developing robustplagiarism detection tools and refining the ethical frameworks for AI integration in educationalsettings.Keywords: Generative AI, Engineering Education, Project-based Learning, Ethical Considera-tions1. Introduction1.1 Transformative potential of Generative AI in various sectorsGenerative Artificial Intelligence (AI

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Adeel Khalid, Kennesaw State University; Sanjeev Adhikari, Kennesaw State University

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Professional Papers

] suggestspotential biases and ethical issues, indicating that future research should address these concernsand develop user-friendly AI tools for education.From the learner’s perspective, Sokhibov et al. (2024) [5] suggested that AI can improve teachingeffectiveness, learning outcomes, and accessibility, but also raise concerns about data privacy,algorithmic bias, and the changing role of educators [5]. Their study [5] examines thetransformative potential, challenges, and ethical implications of integrating AI into highereducation, aiming to enhance teaching efficacy, personalized learning, and inclusivity. Researchers[5] suggested that future research should develop ethical frameworks and regulatory mechanismsto ensure transparency, accountability, and

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Claire Lynne McCullough PE, High Point University; Mike Dalton, High Point University

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Professional Papers

Paper ID #45824Generative AI in Engineering: Tool or Trouble?Dr. Claire Lynne McCullough PE, High Point University Dr. McCullough received her bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Vanderbilt, Georgia Institute of Technology and the University of Tennessee, respectively, and is a registered professional engineer in the state of Alabama. She is currently Professor and Founding Chair of Electrical and Computer Engineering at High Point University, and teaches courses in such areas as Engineering Ethics, Controls, and Engineering Design. Dr. McCullough has over 30 years’ experience in

Conference Session

Technical Sessions 2

Collection

2024 Fall ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Uma Balaji, Fairfield University

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Professional Papers

coursesnot only enhance students' knowledge in the energy domain but may also raise awareness aboutthe growing demand for energy. The focus of instruction is often on engineering design, analysis,and technical problem-solving, with less emphasis on dealing with sustainability and other globalissues. Also, students who opt for other electives within the electrical engineering major may notget effectively exposed to the energy crisis or its environmental impact and the need forsustainable solution.Ethics education in engineering curricula at many universities is typically delivered througheither a standalone ethics course or by integrating it into "bookend" courses, such asIntroduction to Engineering and senior-level Capstone courses. Often, selected

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Lionel Hewavitharana, Southern Arkansas University; Mahbub K Ahmed P.E., Southern Arkansas University

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

. Additionally, each design team defends the design solution in a public oral presentation,showcase the final product to general public, and complete the final design report. Students alsoFigure 3: Design phases and activities undertaken in each design phaseundertake several individual assignments related to ethics and impact of design solutions onsociety.According to Eggert [5] a product design evolves over time in design phases. This evolvement ofcapstone design at the SAU is illustrated in figure 3.Formulation (of the design problem) is important because the successful design solution dependson the sound formulation of the design problem [5]. Gathering information on customerrequirements, company requirements, identifying bench mark products

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Razvan Cristian Voicu, Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA; Muhammad Hassan Tanveer, Kennesaw State University; Ayse Tekes, Kennesaw State University

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Diversity, Professional Papers

transference learning, detailing its components and illustratingits integration of adaptive feedback with real-world experiences. Next, we discuss the outcomes ofa pilot study evaluating the model’s effectiveness, focusing on metrics such as latency, accuracy,and learner engagement. Finally, we summarize the findings and propose directions for futureresearch, emphasizing scalability, expanded modalities, and ethical considerations in AI-driveneducational solutions.Literature ReviewArtificial intelligence has been increasingly applied in educational settings to develop IntelligentTutoring Systems (ITS) and Adaptive Learning Systems (ALS). Early work by [1] and [2] demon-strated that personalized instruction could improve user achievement by tailoring

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Adam Barnes, University of Virginia

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

contribute to the successful completion of the project? Behaviors to consider: understands common vocabulary, completes background readings or research, knows how to use necessary equipment or technology, has ability to fill multiple roles within the group, etc. • Work Ethic: Was the team member dedicated to completing the amount of work necessary to achieve the goals of the group? • Overall Contribution: How much did each team member contribute to the overall successful completion of the project? • Feedback: Comments and justifications for scores provided in the other categories. This had no numerical value but provided insight into the students’ thought processes.Additionally, the instructor and each

Conference Session

Technical Sessions 1

Collection

2024 Fall ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Rajarajan Subramanian, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, The Capital College; Sofia M Vidalis, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, The Capital College; Fazil T. Najafi, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

theirdevelopment as skilled communicators. Relying solely on AI can lead to a decline in criticalthinking and creativity. It is important to carefully consider the ethical implications of using AI-generated content, particularly in academic and professional settings, where the boundarybetween AI assistance and plagiarism could become less clear. Additionally, the potential misuseof personal information and data security concerns related to AI writing tools should bethoroughly examined. It's worth noting that AI tools may encounter challenges in understandingcomplex contexts, cultural references, and emotional subtleties, potentially leading tomisinterpretations in the generated content.The ”AI Writing Tools” used for the analysis are listed in Table 1

Conference Session

Technical Sessions 1

Collection

2024 Fall ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Xiaojin Ye, State University of New York, College of Technology at Farmingdale; Nur Dean, Farmingdale State College, State University of New York

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

interaction, and post-assessments, this research intends to providevaluable data that can inform educational practices. This study aims to identify key challenges,such as potential cheating and diminished learning outcomes, while also exploring how AI canbe ethically integrated into computer science education. The proposed findings will guide theredesign of assessments to mitigate risks while harnessing AI's benefits, ultimately providingeducators with a framework to improve student assessment in an AI-enhanced academicenvironment.KeywordsArtificial Intelligence, AI-Assisted Learning, ChatGPT, Computational Thinking, ComputerScience Education, Learning Outcomes, Academic Integrity, Critical Thinking, AssessmentDesign, Introductory Programming

Conference Session

Technical Sessions 2

Collection

2024 Fall ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Sarath Chandra Kumar Jagupilla P.E., Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Engineering and Science); Elizabeth O'Connell, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Engineering and Science); Muhammad R Hajj, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Engineering and Science)

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Papers

can sometimes be overlooked by faculty andadministrators.Furthermore, students’ engagement in out-of-class activities has been connected with otherpositive outcomes, including improved analytical, group, and leadership skills [5], increasedstudent-faculty interaction [6], ethical development [7], and greater interest in pursuing andremaining in engineering careers [8] [9] [10]. Despite these positive outcomes, it can sometimesbe challenging to engage students outside of the classroom. Major et al [3] identified schedulingissues as a major factor deterring student involvement. Additional research has indicated thatengineering students devote more time preparing for class than students in other disciplines and,therefore, may be less likely to

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Nilanjana Raychawdhary, Auburn University; Chaohui Ren, Auburn University; Cheryl Seals, Auburn University; Sutanu Bhattacharya

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Diversity, Professional Papers

, emphasize the importance ofintegrating AI ethics into educational curricula. This study builds on these methodologies by implement-ing domain-specific sentiment analysis and introducing a real-time feedback system to support personalizedlearning experiences.Aligned with these advancements, a web-based NLP platform[5] was developed for undergraduates, en-abling them to apply linguistic theories through case-based activities. This platform provides visualizationtools for tasks such as coreference resolution and word embeddings, allowing students to better understandabstract NLP processes through hands-on data manipulation. These types of interactive platforms bridgethe gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application, creating a more

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Ryan Daniel Doczy, Virginia Military Institute; Jai Kyoung Jung, Virginia Military Institute; Aksel Seitllari, Virginia Military Institute

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

indicates a significant difference across most questions between the expecteddistribution of responses and the observed responses. Only ABET SO 1 and one part of ABETSO 6 (related to conducting lab experiments) showed no significant difference.These results contrast with previous studies [2] [4] [6] that typically found a positive correlationbetween student performance and surveys used to gauge self-efficacy. This discrepancy may bedue to the inclusion of a broader range of ABET outcomes in our study, including aspects oftenoverlooked, such as ethics, professionalism, and teamwork skills.Table 3: Chi-Square Test Results ABET Student Outcome (and summary of the outcome) h-value p-value 1 – Ability to solve complex

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Nahid Vesali, The Citadel; Mostafa Batouli, The Citadel

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

ethically and morally. Dr. Batouli received Harry Saxe Teaching award in 2022 based on students’ votes and students evaluation of instruction. His previous research has resulted in more than 30 referred journal and conference publications as well as five research reports. His past research received major awards and honors including a third-place best poster award from the construction research congress and a Dissertation Year Fellowship from Florida International University in 2016. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025 The Case for a Separate FE Exam for Construction Engineering: Addressing Curriculum Discrepancies and Student PerformanceAbstractConstruction Engineering (CONE

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Mazen I. Hussein, Tennessee Technological University

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

, Physical/Mental Health I am homesick (Student # 17) Dorm, Food, Money, Friends, Family, Work Poor Sleep (Student # 4) Environment, Stress, School, Liquids/Food, Electronics, Lifestyle Tired during day (Student # 9) Phone, Friends, School Work, Gym Health and Lifestyle Poor work ethic (Student # 10) Study Habits, Sleep, Procrastination, Gym, Laziness

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Mostafa Batouli, The Citadel; Simon Thomas Ghanat P.E., The Citadel; Nahid Vesali P.E., The Citadel

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Papers

Engineering/Surveying from University of Tehran. Dr. Batouli is a Professional Engineer (PE) registered in SC. He also received Project Management Professional (PMP) international certificate in 2020. Dr. Batouli teaches diverse range of courses in civil engineering, construction engineering, and construction/project management. As a teacher, he aims to inspire his students to think intensively and critically and to live ethically and morally. Dr. Batouli received Harry Saxe Teaching award in 2022. His previous research has resulted in more than 35 referred journal and conference publications as well as five research reports. His past research received major awards and honors including a third-place best poster award from the

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Shenghua Wu, University of South Alabama; Min-Wook Kang, University of South Alabama; John Cleary, University of South Alabama; Lisa LaCross, University of South Alabama

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Papers

lack the structured guidanceand technical proficiency necessary for success. While they are often required to write, theirpreparation may be insufficient, hindering their competence and readiness for workforcedevelopment. This pilot study introduces a 9-week intensive course designed to address this gapby providing comprehensive instruction across a range of essential topics. These include goalsetting, topic selection, the research life cycle, ethics and misconduct, AI usage (such asChatGPT), and various writing skills such as illustration, data analysis, citation, and references.A key feature of the course is the opportunity for students to write a state-of-the-art reviewpaper, guiding them through the entire process—from drafting to peer

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Rebekah L Martin, Virginia Military Institute; Kacie Caple D'Alessandro, Virginia Military Institute; Charles D Newhouse P.E., Virginia Military Institute; Tanjina Afrin, Virginia Military Institute

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

] engineering projects, develop preliminary design solutions, and prepare a draft technical report. Students will learn necessary computer-aided design software and become familiar with engineering codes and standards." Old "Group design project of civil engineering systems requiring synthesis, data gathering,Dominion preliminary investigation, master planning, conceptual designs, layouts, support studies, costUniversity estimates and report writing. Emphasis will be on alternatives, constraints, economics, ethics [12] and professional practice, business and project management, public policy and leadership"VirginiaMilitary "Application of civil engineering

Conference Session

Technical Sessions 5

Collection

2024 Fall ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Matthew Fried, SUNY Farmingdale; Mohammad Alshibli

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Papers

researched, with studies focusing on AI’s role inproviding personalized feedback, enhancing student engagement, and offering scalable learningsolutions. As such, the integration thereof has emerged as a transformative force, reshapingpedagogical approaches and learning experiences. Various studies highlight the significance ofAI literacy, student readiness, and the adaptation of educational frameworks to accommodate theabove based on diverse learning styles, backgrounds, and more.Ng et al. [1] emphasize the necessity of defining AI literacy, which encompasses understandingAI's capabilities and ethical implications, as well as evaluating its impact on learningenvironments. The study proposed four aspects: know and understand, use, evaluate, and

Conference Session

Technical Sessions 1

Collection

2024 Fall ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Gonca Altuger-Genc, State University of New York, College of Technology at Farmingdale; Akin Tatoglu, University of Hartford

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

use thesetools effectively and ethically.References: 1. Gill, S S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A K., Stankovski, V., Abraham, A., Ghosh, S K., Lutfiyya, H., Kanhere, S S., Bahsoon, R., Rana, O., Dustdar, S., Sakellariou, R., . . . Buyya, R. (2023, January 1). Transformative Effects of ChatGPT on Modern Education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Cornell University. https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2306.03823 2. Wyne, M. F., & Farahani, A., & Zhang, L. (2024, June), Examining ChatGPT in Educational Settings: Ethics, Challenges, and Opportunities Paper presented at 2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Portland, Oregon. 10.18260/1-2

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Simon Thomas Ghanat P.E., The Citadel; Mostafa Batouli, The Citadel; William J. Davis P.E., The Citadel; Tess Doeffinger, The Citadel; Anthony Songer, Boise State University

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

to think intensively and critically and to live ethically and morally. Dr. Batouli received Harry Saxe Teaching award in 2022 based on students’ votes and students evaluation of instruction. His previous research has resulted in more than 30 referred journal and conference publications as well as five research reports. His past research received major awards and honors including a third-place best poster award from the construction research congress and a Dissertation Year Fellowship from Florida International University in 2016.Dr. William J. Davis P.E., The Citadel William J. Davis is Dept. Head & D. Graham Copeland Professor of Civil Engineering and Director of Construction Engineering at The Citadel in

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Sean Walker, University of South Alabama; Kari J Lippert, University of South Alabama

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

complete a review by the Institutional ReviewBoard, to ensure that student privacy concerns and other ethical issues are addressed beforesurveys are distributed. The statistical analysis methods of means, materiality, and Cronbach’salpha will be used to assess the value of the survey. One of the challenges faced by the authors isfinding sufficient data to perform a statistical analysis. It may, in fact, take multiple academicyears to have statistically significant data. The survey itself will allow the authors to examine theimpact of the flipped classroom and the utilization of multiple faculty members in such a class.ConclusionsIn this Work-In-Progress paper, the authors have outlined the current research into the flippedclassroom, discussed the

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Montana Jane Lang, Mississippi State; Taylor Cagle, Mississippi State University; Isaac L. Howard P.E., Mississippi State University

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

challenges withvideos use and show they don’t necessarily work in any environment. For example, [5] provideda set of short videos to a marketing class to allow class time to be spent on other items. Theauthors reported that students did not appear to watch the videos unless assigned to do so. Acomputer science course documented by Hsin and Cigas [6] used short videos and reported apositive impact in that students were more satisfied with the course, were less likely to withdraw,and were more likely to pass the course. Itani [3] examined survey results for 92 students andconcluded that videos were a beneficial tool for learning engineering ethics. In some senses,student-focused videos are a version of peer-led learning, which has also been spoken

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

John M Mativo, University of Georgia; Ramana Pidaparti, University of Georgia; Jarron Gravesande, Providence Chrisitian Academy

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

. Valdiviezo-Díaz, G. Riofrio, Y.-M. Sun, and R. Barba, “Integration of Virtual Labs into Science E-learning,” Procedia Computer Science, vol. 75, pp. 95–102, Jan. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2015.12.224.[11] laurashalvey, Parts of the eye. 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.tinkercad.com/things/kAFGm4qxwZG-parts-of-the-eye[12] F. Wallace-Tarry, Al the parts of the eye. 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.tinkercad.com/things/bl8qRQVVp1t-al-the-parts-of-the-eye[13] T. Foltynek et al., “ENAI Recommendations on the ethical use of Artificial Intelligence in Education,” Int J Educ Integr, vol. 19, no. 1, Art. no. 1, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s40979-023- 00133-4.[14] B. Balamuralithara and P. C. Woods

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Shobhit Aggarwal, The Citadel; Gregory J. Mazzaro, The Citadel

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

circuits.Additionally, the course covers a range of essential electrical and electronic components,including resistors, capacitors, batteries, diodes, and servo motors, exploring their operation andapplications.To complement the technical content, the course integrates elements of engineering educationand accreditation, emphasizing the importance of ethical practices and professional standards.Students are also exposed to engineering design concepts, learning to approach problem-solvingsystematically and creatively. The course culminates in training students in effective engineeringsolution presentation and data presentation and reporting, equipping them with essentialcommunication skills for future academic and professional endeavors.Employed teaching

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Vivek Singhal, University of Wisconsin - Stout; Kenan Baltaci, University of Wisconsin - Stout

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

their peers will be held to, fostering a senseof accountability and transparency. At the end of the semester, students self-assess theirown and their peers' performance using these rubrics. This process encouragesreflection on their own work and contributions, as well as those of their classmates.Finally, students complete an anonymous survey to assess the effectiveness and successof the rubrics. This survey is designed to gather detailed feedback on various aspects ofthe rubrics, including clarity, fairness, and their impact on learning and engagement.The rubrics were implemented across two semesters. 29 students participated in thestudy during the first semester and another 22 students participated during the secondsemester. Ethics approval

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Marino Nader, University of Central Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Papers

, DOI: 10. 1080/105112506008661663. Fask, A., Englander, F., & Wang, Z. (2014). Do online Exams Facilitate Cheating? An Experiment Designed to Separate Possible Cheating from the Effect of the Online Test Taking Environment. J Acad Ethic, 12:101–112 DOI 10.1007/s10805-014-9207-14. Charlesworth, P., Charlesworth, D.D., & Vician, C. (2006) Students’ Perspectives of the influence of Web- Enhanced Coursework on Incidences of Cheating, Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 83 No.9.5. Chegg Inc., website https://www.chegg.com, accessed on November 4th, 2024.6. ChatGPT 4o, https://chat.openai.com, accessed on November 4th, 2024.7. Coure Hero, website www.coursehero.com, accessed on November 4th, 2024.8. Nader, M

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Chaohui Ren, Auburn University; Cheryl Seals, Auburn University; Karen Nix, Auburn University

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

lecture-only approach) and Spring 2024 (teacher-guided approach). The exams for both semesters were identical, ensuring consistency in assess-ment, and the data was downloaded from Canvas without any personally identifiable information,thus avoiding ethical concerns.3.3.1 Data Selection and MetricsExam questions related to the LinkedSet project were manually identified based on their alignmentwith the concepts taught during the project. These questions assessed students’ understanding ofcore Java topics such as: • Interfaces and generics. • Iterators and data structures. • Polymorphism and object-oriented principles. • Set operations and structural manipulation in collections.The following metrics were analyzed for each

Conference Session

Technical Sessions 3

Collection

2024 Fall ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Aiman Said Kuzmar, P. E., Islamic University of Madina, Saudi Arabia

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Papers

Academy of Engineering, Volume 49, Number 4, Winter 2019. 9. C. O. Hilgarth, "Should We Consider Transforming the Definition of Technological and Engineering Literacy,” 2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference, 10.18260/1-2—33964, ASEE, 2020. 10. J.A. Stieb, “Understanding Engineering Professionalism: A Reflection on the Rights of Engineers,” Sci Eng Ethics 17, 149–169, 2011. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-009-9166-x [Last accessed 7 October 2024]. 11. L. Callaway, “The Origin of the Word Engineer: A Linguistic Exploration,” Symbol Genie, September 27, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://symbolgenie.com/origin-word- engineer/ [Last accessed 7 October 2024]. 12. A. Portillo-Blanco, H