Conference Session

Technical Sessions 4

Collection

2024 Fall ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Alireza Dalili, Farmingdale State College

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

MechanicalEngineering students at Farmingdale State College. There are typically three class sessions oftwenty students each semester. Historically, the lab portion of this course has been focused onsimulation experiments through National Instruments Multisim software. The textbook used forthe lab portion was developed by Professor Leon J. Taub of Farmingdale State College specificallyfor this course and therefore covers the course topics very well [1]. However, students haveindicated in course evaluations that they would like to see more hands-on activity in the courseand that they do not have a real sense of the circuits being taught in the lecture with the simulation-based labs. In this paper, I will outline the hands-on labs that I plan to introduce

Conference Session

Technical Sessions 5

Collection

2024 Fall ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Raul Armendariz, City University of New York, Queensborough Community College; Corey Stalerman; Tak Cheung; Sunil Dehipawala, City University of New York, Queensborough Community College

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Professional Papers

application and invested their career plans in other fields.An assessment on the algebra manipulation steps was disappointing with only 10% at “highpass” while 90% at “needing improvement”. The algebra procedure in the derivation of theadiabatic thermodynamics process involving the log function was used to assess if the studentsunderstood the log steps in the radiation decay equation to get a useful exponential function-solution.The nuclear engineer skills in analysis and logical thinking were compared to the nucleartechnician skills in computer and critical thinking in the context of Bloom’s taxonomy. Thealgebra steps were found to be more challenging for most of the studied students while thecomputer skills and what-if critical thinking in terms of

Conference Session

Technical Sessions 5

Collection

2024 Fall ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Arkadiy Portnoy, City University of New York, Queensborough Community College; Sunil Dehipawala, City University of New York, Queensborough Community College; Tak Cheung

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Professional Papers

’ OmegaFacility” U of Rochester Newsletter Mach 2024. (Last Accessed October 15 2024)https://www.rochester.edu/newscenter/federal-funding-national-security-efforts-omega-laser-facility-597512/[4] Queensborough Community College Action Plan 2020.https://www.qcc.cuny.edu/bfsa/docs/QCC-BFSA-Action-Plan.pdf[5] The LLE Undergraduate Education Program Internship Application Requirements.https://www.lle.rochester.edu/education/undergraduate-program/[6] W. Li, J. Zhu, Z. Liu, X. Pang, Y. Zhou, W. Cui, and Z. Dong, “Target alignment method ofinertial confinement fusion facility based on position estimation”, Nuclear Engineering andTechnology Volume 54, Issue 10, October 2022, Pages 3703-3716https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1738573322002492[7] R

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

James Righter, The Citadel; Nathan John Washuta P.E., The Citadel; Deirdre D Ragan, Pennsylvania State University

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Professional Papers

instructed on the House of Quality and required to employthis tool in the early stages of product design. This method is a valuable aid in maintaining thevoice of the customer in product design and is also commonly applied in industry contexts.Student misunderstandings of how to implement the House of Quality manifest in challengesranging from errors defining customer and technical requirements to improperly populating thecorrelation matrix. These errors can affect the resulting prioritized technical requirements anddownstream design decisions. The House of Quality is also one phase of the Quality FunctionDeployment process that can span the design process from planning to detail design. The laterphases beyond the initial House of Quality are less

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Simon Thomas Ghanat P.E., The Citadel; Scott Curtis, The Citadel

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Professional Papers

-defined, follow a single solutionmethod, and include all necessary information. Instead of using a traditional problem like “Findthe effective stress at a given depth,” the instructor developed a real-world problem:“Preliminary construction plans specify 5 ft x 5 ft column footings, each supporting a 135-kipcolumn load (Figure 2). The bottom of the footing is 5 ft below the ground surface. StandardPenetration Tests were conducted, revealing three soil layers to a depth of 32 ft. The soil profile(Figure 2) includes 5 ft of loose sand, followed by sandy soil (unit weight = 113 pcf) from 5 to 9ft, clayey soil from 9 to 17 ft, and sandy soil (unit weight = 118 pcf) from 17 to 37 ft. Thegroundwater table and marl layer are at depths of 5 ft and 37 ft

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Sean Walker, University of South Alabama; Kari J Lippert, University of South Alabama

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

current alternate instructor model being used at the University of SouthAlabama, and outlined the research that will be carried out. The results of the analysis will havethe potential to provide guidance for the administration and teaching of flipped classrooms atother similarly sized universities. Future works will also include expanding on this paper so thata plan for other universities is included. It is expected that the results of the survey will showthere are both positive and negative impacts to having multiple instructors in a flipped classroomsetting.References[1] B. Kerr, "The flipped classroom in engineering education," in International Conference on Interactive Collaborative Learning, Florence, 2015.[2] C. K. Lo and K. F. Hew, "The

Conference Session

Technical Sessions 3

Collection

2024 Fall ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Rachmadian Wulandana, State University of New York at New Paltz

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Papers

computer simulation ofphysical problems demanded by industry. In terms of delivery, instructors often blend traditionallectures with practical exercises using tools like ANSYS or MATLAB to ensure that students gainboth theoretical knowledge and practical experience [4]. Many programs also integrate project-based learning to help students better understand how FEM is applied in real-world engineeringscenarios [5]. Lately, full online asynchronous courses on the introduction of FEA have beenemerging in various education platforms such as Coursera, LinkedIn Learning, and EdX.Balancing the range of topics in a finite element analysis course requires thoughtful planning,especially with limited credits in the curriculum. The emphasis on practical

Conference Session

Technical Sessions 4

Collection

2024 Fall ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Marco Hermida, State University of New York at New Paltz; Ping-Chuan Wang, State University of New York at New Paltz; Nancy Campos, SUNY New Paltz; Aileen Pastrana, State University of New York at New Paltz; Bianca Bermudez, State University of New York at New Paltz; Shaima Herzallah, State University of New York at New Paltz; Christopher Monvil, State University of New York at New Paltz; Tenmetey Tetteh-Nartey, State University of New York at New Paltz

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Diversity, Professional Papers

a summer program. Christopher actively seeks professional experiences to improve skills for engineering roles in sectors like manufacturing, automotive, aerospace, or energy. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 Paper ID #45298Tenmetey Tetteh-Nartey, State University of New York at New Paltz Tenmetey Tetteh-Nartey is a current senior at SUNY New Paltz pursing a BS in Mechanical Engineering. He plans on graduating this upcoming Spring and hopes to continue his learning of 3D-Printing and Additive Manufacturing alongside renewable energy ©American Society for

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Fazil T. Najafi, University of Florida; Vani Ruchika Pabba, University of Florida; Rajarajan Subramanian, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, The Capital College; Sofia M Vidalis, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, The Capital College

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Diversity, Professional Papers

international, national, and local professional meetings and conferences. Lastly, Najafi attends courses, seminars, and workshops and has developed courses, videos, and software packages during his career. Najafi has more than 300 refereed articles. His areas of specialization include transportation planning and management, legal aspects, construction contract administration, public works, and Renewable Energy.Vani Ruchika Pabba, University of Florida Vani Ruchika Pabba holds a Master of Science in Computer Science from the Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering at the University of Florida, where she served as a Graduate Research Assistant. Her research focuses on artificial intelligence in education, including natural

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Oguzhan Oruc, The Citadel; Eva Singleton, The Citadel Military College ; Andrew B. Williams, The Citadel; Kevin Skenes, The Citadel

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Professional Papers

, manufacturing, and government contracting. She enjoys serving in complex project management roles requiring adaptability, problem-solving, strategic planning, and leadership skills. Dr. Singleton is enthusiastic about educating professionals and students to advance their business and academic endeavors using project management competencies, skills, tools, techniques, and leadership. Her research interest includes interdisciplinary topics related to project management, such as leadership, entrepreneurship, artificial intelligence, systems planning, process improvement, and burnout. Dr. Singleton obtained a Doctorate in Business Administration from Walden University, a Master of Science in Project Management from The Citadel

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Ayush Vasu Gowda, Florida Atlantic University; Daniel Raviv, Florida Atlantic University; Juan David Yepes, Florida Atlantic University

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

collecting the phi (φ) and theta (θ) values, and the student's lack of experience led tothem feeling overwhelmed and unable to make progress.Addressing procrastination by understanding and addressing its underlying reasons significantlyboosts productivity and enthusiasm. This skill is crucial, not only for educators in guidingstudents, but also for students to develop independently. Self-awareness and proactive habits inovercoming procrastination can greatly benefit students throughout their lives, allowing them towork through any problem that they come across.In this situation, the student expressed feeling stuck, and the mentors drew up a plan with thestudent on how to get past this roadblock. The plan involved initially concentrating on

Conference Session

Technical Sessions 4

Collection

2024 Fall ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Bryan James Higgs, University of the District of Columbia; Gulen Ozkula, University of the District of Columbia

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

, leadership plan tasks, and meet objectives 6. an ability to develop and conduct appropriate creativity, attention to detail, experimentation, analyze and interpret data, and use data modeling engineering judgment to draw conclusions 7. an ability to acquire and apply new knowledge as educational commitment needed, using appropriate learning strategies.The comparison of the list of valuable engineering skills to the student outcomes in Table 1 showsa clear overlap indicating that the identified engineering skills are required for achievement of theABET student

Conference Session

Technical Sessions 4

Collection

2024 Fall ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Shashi S. Marikunte, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, The Capital College

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

, the instructor is planning to introducea few quizzes that serve as a review session for the exams. The instructor will also identifyadditional opportunities for students to engage in the class.Summary and ConclusionsAsynchronous web-based online instruction is a way of attracting nontraditional students as wellas students from other universities to generate student credit hours. While in-person learning hasits benefits for engineering courses during the regular semester, it may not be practical during thesummer semester. Many students who work full-time are participating in the internship programand are not willing or able to attend an in-person class during the summer semester. An onlinecourse offering in the form of synchronous (zoom) or

Conference Session

Technical Sessions 3

Collection

2024 Fall ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Wenhai Li, Farmingdale State College; Foluso Ladeinde, Stony Brook University

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

workforce.References1 Patel, Chandrakant D., and Amip J. Shah. "Cost model for planning, development and operation of a data center." Hewlett-Packard Laboratories Technical Report 107 (2005): 1-36.2 Dan, Dan, Yihang Zhao, Mingshan Wei, and Xuehui Wang. "Review of Thermal Management Technology for Electric Vehicles." Energies 16, no. 12 (2023): 4693.3 van Heerden, Albert SJ, David M. Judt, Soheil Jafari, Craig P. Lawson, Theoklis Nikolaidis, and D. Bosak. "Aircraft thermal management: Practices, technology, system architectures, future challenges, and opportunities." Progress in Aerospace Sciences 128 (2022): 100767.4 Gandy, Paul JF, Djurdje Cvijović, Alan L. Mackay, and Jacek Klinowski. "Exact computation of the triply periodic D

Conference Session

Technical Sessions 2

Collection

2024 Fall ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Gonca Altuger-Genc, State University of New York, College of Technology at Farmingdale; Yue Hung, Farmingdale State College; Wenhai Li, Farmingdale State College

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

report are graded. The high stakes writing process is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. High stakes writing processIn addition to high stakes writing, students also complete low stakes writing through their weekly in-classwriting assignments. These are short and less formal writing students complete. Following their teammeeting, in the class, students are asked to write a short summary of the discussed topics along with theitems planned to be completed in the coming week. The low stakes writing component help students towrite brief and effective summaries of the discussion. The overall writing portion of the course carries30% weight of the final course grade.Applied Learning ComponentAt Farmingdale State College

Conference Session

Technical Sessions 1

Collection

2024 Fall ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Rajarajan Subramanian, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, The Capital College; Sofia M Vidalis, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, The Capital College; Fazil T. Najafi, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

, best paper awards, community service awards, and admission as an Eminent Engineer into Tau Beta Pi. The Florida Legislature adopted his research on passive radon-resistant new residential building construction in the HB1647 building code of Florida. Najafi is a member of numerous professional societies and has served on many committees and programs; and continuously attends and presents refereed papers at international, national, and local professional meetings and conferences. Lastly, Najafi attends courses, seminars, and workshops and has developed courses, videos, and software packages during his career. Najafi has more than 300 refereed articles. His areas of specialization include transportation planning

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Kimberly T. Luthi, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Worldwide; David Paul Harvie, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Worldwide; John K Wilson, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Worldwide; Monica Surrency, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Worldwide

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Diversity, Professional Papers

underrepresented in engineering.Research Plan/MethodsThe participants in this work-in-process research study are undergraduate students in onlineengineering courses. One overarching learning goal emphasized in this interventional study isthat students develop proficiency in using collaborative approaches to understand engineeringconcepts. Their engagement in peer learning strategies prepare them for professional settings thatrequire communication and leadership skills. As most online course environments are siloed innature, students engaged in the collaborative learning had to employ listening and teamworkskills to carefully address the peer led activities. The research measures the qualitatively differentresponses as students adjust to small group

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Anna K. T. Howard, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Sally J. Pardue, Tennessee Technological University

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

student is producing something new. ●​ We need to explicitly connect the material we're teaching to the real world (and to other courses past and future) so students understand what they're learning and why. ●​ We need to eliminate all busy work while providing enough optional practice for retention. ●​ We need flexible deadlines. ●​ We should move toward mastery learning. (If they have learned it, do we really care what they did to get there?) ●​ We must stop spending so much time on derivations. (Seriously, colleagues. Nobody with a bachelor's degree is going to care or remember the derivation the next week.) ●​ We need problem-based-learning which turns the lesson plan around to show the students how these

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Sylmarie Davila-Montero, The Citadel

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

. However, it is recommended that students get additional reinforcement of these early-stage concepts in subsequent courses before their senior design experience.A sample of the students’ responses to the CCIQ for the first and second weeks of the activity areshown below: • Students responded that they felt most engaged…: o “During the group work regarding our designs.” o “Working as a team to develop a solution.” o “Working in a team to create/plan a technological design.” o “Working on a design and slide deck with a team.” o “Giving and listening to presentations.” Table III. Questions developed by Group A and Group B for the customer and other stakeholders

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Priscilla J Hill, Mississippi State University; Bill B Elmore, Mississippi State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Papers

problem illustrated above, MOM problems have been developed and tested for ourfluids experiments and other heat transfer experiments. Problem design is underway for theremaining experiments used in both Unit Operations laboratory courses.Additional work is in development for our integrated chemical and petroleum engineeringfreshman year project-based experimentation.Concluding RemarksBoth instructors plan to expand their use of MOM both in courses where MOM is currently usedand in courses where it has not been used. The use of MOM question databanks is still underdevelopment in multiple courses.Comparison to Canvas quizzes: MOM has all of the benefits of Canvas quizzes, but addsadditional useful features. Both platforms are flexible as to

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Mostafa Batouli, The Citadel; Simon Thomas Ghanat P.E., The Citadel; Nahid Vesali P.E., The Citadel

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Papers

teaches project management, technical planning ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025 Mapping the Path to KEEN Fellowships: Trends, Insights, and Impacts from 2020-2024Abstract:The Kern Entrepreneurial Engineering Network (KEEN) Fellowship program fostersentrepreneurial-minded learning (EML) in engineering education and has grown significantlysince its inception. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the program from 2020 to 2024,focusing on the impact of fellows on engineering education, the workshops that have yielded themost fellowships, and the relationship between fellows' disciplines and their contributions.Through a review of KEEN Fellows' projects, we classify

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Kimberly A Luthi, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Worldwide; MICHAEL KOSLOSKI, Old Dominion University; Bettina Mrusek, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Worldwide

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Diversity, Professional Papers

administrative and senior-rankedpositions. As institutions build more equitable conditions for all genders, non-traditional groupshave greater opportunities to move into leadership positions that can help others in the promotionprocesses.References[1] A. Alexander et.al., "Community college faculty competencies," Community College Journal of Research and Practice, vol. 36(11), pp. 849-862, 2012.[2] N. C. Dalkey, "The Delphi method: An experimental study of group opinion," Futures, vol.1(5), pp. 408-426, 1972.[3] A.L. Delbecq, et al., "Group techniques for program planning: A guide to nominal group and Delphi processes," Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman,1975.[4] V. Childress & C. Rhodes, "Engineering student outcomes for grades 9-12. Research

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

JuEun Lee, Humboldt State University; Joshua Paul Steimel, Humboldt State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Papers

preparedness, compromising theirability to succeed and progress.This study introduces a new strategy to enhance retention by implementing a structured,proactive advising model that emphasizes early, personalized engagement between students andfaculty advisors. This advising framework prioritizes frequent and clear communicationregarding placement and academic progress through personalized emails, one-on-one Zoommeetings, and in-person advising sessions. Mathematics placement, given its foundational role inengineering curricula, serves as the centerpiece of this advising model. The framework providesstudents with academic planning support, fosters meaningful student-faculty interactions, andcultivates student ownership of their educational

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Ryan Daniel Doczy, Virginia Military Institute; Jai Kyoung Jung, Virginia Military Institute; Aksel Seitllari, Virginia Military Institute

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

relates to student self-assessment of theirperceived mastery of a given subject. General confidence can factor into a student’s self-efficacy. However, other significant variables include planning [2], time management [3], andinformation processing [3], among others. This suggests a covariation between general traitsascribed to high-achieving students and their GPAs, which aligns with the general thinking thatgood students will have good study habits. Students seem cognizant of this as their GPA appearsto have a significant correlation to their perception of their higher-order cognitive skillimprovement [4]. While connections have been made between student self-efficacy and theirGPAs [5] [6], there appears to be a relative dearth of literature

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Charles D Newhouse P.E., Virginia Military Institute; James C. Squire P.E., Virginia Military Institute; Matthew K Swenty P.E., Virginia Military Institute

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

also possible that more students are cheating on the math placement test. The test is taken after a student is admitted but prior to introduction to the honor code. References[1] C.C. Belfield, “Predicting Success in College: The Importance of Placement Tests and HighSchool Transcripts,” New York: Community College Research Center, 2012.[2] T. Allison, “Enrollment Returns to Pre-Pandemic Levels,” State Council of Higher Educationfor Virginia. https://www.schev.edu/Home/Components/News/News/394/200?fsiteid=1[Accessed on December 4, 2023.[3] A.H. Ang, Probability Concepts in Engineering Planning and Design. New York: John Wileyand Sons, 1975.

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Saeed Rokooei, Mississippi State University; George D Ford P.E., Mississippi State University; Read Allen Robertson, Mississippi State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Papers

, more women are currently encouraged topursue construction as their professional fields. This study examines potential associationsbetween gender and students' motivations for joining the construction program, the obstaclesthey encounter, their expectations, and their future career plans. Data from all first, second, andthird-year students in the Building Construction Science (BCS) program at Mississippi StateUniversity were collected using a quantitative survey. The survey covered different aspects ofstudents’ experiences and decisions. The results showed that both male and female students wereattracted to the program because of job opportunities, relatively high salary, and the challengingnature of the program. However, there were some clear

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Sultan Al Shafian, Kennesaw State University; Da Hu, Kennesaw State University; Jayhyun Kwon P.E., Kennesaw State University; Adam Kaplan, Kennesaw State University

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

visualization experience, allowing them to engage with spatial relationships andstructural details that are often challenging to interpret from traditional 2D plans alone. Thecombination of Unity and Vuforia enabled seamless overlay of 3D models onto physicaldrawings, enhancing both usability and engagement. The results of the post-session surveydemonstrate a positive response from participants, with the majority agreeing that the applicationimproved their comprehension of 2D to 3D conversions and facilitated a better grasp of spatialrelationships within the drawings. Participants also reported increased motivation andengagement, which are critical factors in effective learning. The high recommendation ratefurther suggests that this AR tool has

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Fazil T. Najafi, University of Florida; Jack Cuilla, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

at international, national, and local professional meetings and conferences. Lastly, Najafi attends courses, seminars, and workshops and has developed courses, videos, and software packages during his career. Najafi has more than 300 refereed articles. His areas of specialization include transportation planning and management, legal aspects, construction contract administration, public works, and Renewable Energy.Mr. Jack Cuilla, University of Florida Jack Cuilla is a freshman in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of Florida. His academic interests include renewable energy, solar technology, residential power systems, and energy conservation. He is particularly focused on gaining

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Frank Andrasik, The University of Memphis; Bashir Morshed, Texas Tech University; Robert W Hewitt Jr., The University of Memphis

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

ofbreakout rooms, personalized support, and hands-on activities in overcoming the inherentlimitations of online learning. Similarly, Chiang [3] demonstrated that online STEM camps couldsignificantly enhance students' self-efficacy and computational thinking when structured topromote active engagement and cross-disciplinary learning.Our coding camp was developed within this context, initially planned to launch as an in-personexperience in 2021. When the pandemic necessitated a shift to a virtual format, the campunderwent a series of adaptations aimed at preserving its interactive and experiential learningfocus. Drawing on insights from the literature, we implemented a student-centered approach thatleveraged small-group interactions, personalized

Conference Session

Technical Sessions 5

Collection

2024 Fall ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Mercy Folashade Fash, North Carolina A&T State University; Andrea Nana Ofori-Boadu, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Papers

. Gottfredson, "Circumscription and compromise: A developmental theory ofoccupational aspirations," Journal of Counseling Psychology, vol. 28, (6), pp. 545-579, 1981.Available: https://search.proquest.com/docview/1301114874. DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.28.6.545.[7] W. Patton, D. A. Bartrum and P. A. Creed, "Gender Differences for Optimism, Self-esteem,Expectations and Goals in Predicting Career Planning and Exploration in Adolescents,"International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 2004.[8] S. Norris, "Middle School Girls: Self-Esteem and Academic Issues," 2017. Available:https://www.childrensresourcegroup.com/middle-school-girls-self-esteem-and-academic-issues/.[9] Ofori-Boadu et al, "Learning experiences and self-efficacy of minority middle